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The purpose of this research was to explore new methods of 3D scanning, body postures, and landmarking techniques to complete in-depth analyses of skin deformation, measurement change, and shape change of the waist-hip-thigh region of the body. There is a need to develop and test new integrated measurement analyses using 1D, 2D, and 3D data to quantify how and where the body is changing in different postures. An integrated approach was taken to select the appropriate 3D scanning technology, develop a landmarking method, and position the body to analyze the waist-hip-thigh region. A convenience sample of 11 women participated in the pilot study, ranging in age from 41-73. Using a quadrant landmarking technique, the body was divided into sections to locally analyze 1D and 2D measurements, while conducting volume and curve analysis to aid our understanding of shape change. Local percent change of each circumference was significant, and the data across the various measurements captured the expansion and shrinking of the body. Additionally, the 1D, 2D, and 3D analysis of the models shows the body deforming differently based on participant size, indicating this type of data could be critical for improved size system creation. The results from the extraction of curves represents exciting frontiers in 3D shape research and in the future will enable shape to be more easily incorporated into wearable garments. This data can improve the development of materials, trims, pattern design, and sizing systems. New 3D scanning methods to quantify diverse bodies can improve a company's competitive advantage through enhanced product fit and inclusive, quality design for all.

Traditional hand anthropometric studies are missing several key measurements that are important to designing products and tools for the hand. Specific anthropometric hand data important for hand product design such as gloves include finger lengths, crotch depths, palm and padding, back of hand, and wrist opening; these measurements can improve dexterity, gripping, hand entry, adduction, abduction, squeezing, etc. in the design. The purpose of this paper was to develop a process and special considerations for 3D hand scanning that could help guide future researchers when conducting more robust 3D anthropometric studies for the hand, as related to product design. Over the course of two years, the authors of this paper have developed and refined a process considerations model for 3D hand scanning. The model was developed based on three previous 3D hand scanning studies and over 200 subjects' hand scans. The process considers the subject and population, the 3D technology, landmark methods, hand scanning positions, the scanning research design, scan analysis, and methods of hand-product visualization using 3D hand data. As technology improves, our processes for collecting data need to adapt. New 3D scanning technology enables a more robust collection of anthropometric, ergonomic, and design data for the hand. Future 3D hand anthropometric data and design research will have a profound impact on future glove and tool design for a range of fields and consumers. The application of the 3D hand scanning process considerations model will enable innovative anthropometric and ergonomic research for the hand to occur, and will ensure the collection of accurate and reliable 3D hand data.