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Hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals were grown on the surface of a cellulose matrix previously modified using titanium isopropoxide (TIPO). This modification provides the appropriate labile chemical groups to grow HAp: the primary hydroxyl of cellulose, the most reactive of the three groups, has not enough reactivity to grow HAp. However, TIPO is a very reactive alkoxide that can react with the primary hydroxyl to produce three new labile hydroxyl groups to grow HAp crystals. The resulting hybrid material was characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR, ICP and X-ray diffraction. Numerical calculations were used to understand the chemical reactions involved in the growth of HAp on cellulose.

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The k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm was used to classify and select biodegradable packaging produced from fish gelatine incorporated with palm oil and clove and oregano essential oils. All reinforced films are highly resistant to attraction, with an emphasis on a sample of clove essential oil with a value of 53.18 MPa. Also, the addition of palm oil and essential oils increases the elasticity and thickness of the packages. The packages have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties with an inhibition zone for S. aureus of 11.73 and 11.23 mm for the film with essential oil of oregano and film with palm oil, respectively. KNN proved to be efficient for the classification and selection of packaging. The results highlighted the packaging with clove essential oil as the best for presenting the highest values of antioxidant activity, tensile strength, and elongation. Palm oil is an interesting alternative for applications in biodegradable films due to its antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, abundance, and low cost. Packaging made of fish gelatin with the addition of vegetable oils is a promising alternative for food applications.

The goal of the present study was to determine, through full 2 3 factorial design, the optimum process conditions to develop a biodegradable film, made from gelatin with buriti oil (BO) as additive, characterizing their physical, mechanical, and antioxidant aspects. The conditions for the optimization were 2.3% of fish gelatin, 30% of BO, and 13.18% of plasticizer. The films produced under this condition presented high antioxidant activity (24.77 µmol de TE/g), mechanical resistance (8.04 MPa), and satisfactory water vapor permeability (WVP; 0.38 × 10 −10 g.m. m −2 . s −1 . Pa −1 ). The film presented low solubility in water, low humidity, and low water activity, contributing to its integrity, without identifiable flaws. The increase in the concentration of BO provided higher antioxidant properties to the films and the reduction in gelatin and glycerol concentrations provided lower WVP, increasing the traction resistance.Desarrollo y optimización de una película compuesta hecha de gelatina de pescado biodegradable con aceite de burití añadido RESUMEN A través de un diseño factorial completo de 2 3 , el presente estudio se propuso determinar las condiciones óptimas para desarrollar una película biodegradable, hecha de gelatina con aceite de burití añadido, y caracterizar sus aspectos físicos, mecánicos y antioxidantes. Se pudo constatar que las condiciones óptimas para este proceso incluyen el uso de 2.3% de gelatina de pescado, 30% de aceite de burití y 13.18% de plastificante. Las películas producidas bajo estas condiciones presentan elevada actividad antioxidante (24.77 µmol de TE/g), resistencia mecánica (8.04 MPa) y WVP satisfactoria (0.38 × 10 −10 g.m. m −2 . s −1 . Pa −1 ). Además, la película mostró tener baja solubilidad en el agua, baja humedad y baja actividad en agua, lo cual contribuye a mantener su integridad, sin que se presenten defectos identificables. Al elevarse la concentración de aceite de burití, las películas acusaron propiedades antioxidantes más elevadas. Una reducción de las concentraciones de gelatina y glicerol produjo una permeabilidad más baja al vapor de agua, aumentando la resistencia a la tracción. ARTICLE HISTORY