La demanda de forrajes en la Comarca Lagunera ha obligado a que el maíz sea permanente en el padrón de cultivos, para sostener la producción de forraje es necesario manejar adecuadamente el suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto de la aplicación de estiércol bovino en el pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), materia orgánica (MO), nitratos (NO3) y amonio (NH4) de un suelo arcilloso y su efecto en la producción de forraje de maíz. El trabajo se realizó en la Facultad de Agricultura y Zootecnia-UJED, en 1998 a 2007. Los tratamientos de estudio fueron 40, 80, 120 y 160 Mg ha-1 de estiércol bovino lechero, testigo absoluto y tratamiento químico 100-150 (kg ha-1; N-P), bajo un diseño bloques al azar, tres repeticiones. La variable medida en planta fue forraje verde. Los tratamientos de 160 y 120 Mg ha-1 de estiércol incrementaron 189 y 180% la MO del suelo, (4 y 3.8%). Para nitratos, los mejores tratamientos fueron 120 y 160Mgha-1deestiércol,convaloresfinalesde22.25y21.33 mg kg-1. La CE se incrementó arriba de 4 dSm-1 en cinco años en los tratamientos de estiércol; no aplicando estiércol en el sexto año bajaron estos valores hasta niveles normales para el desarrollo y producción de maíz con rendimientos arriba de la media regional (45 Mg ha-1) en los tratamientos de estiércol. La aplicación del estiércol con monitoreo regular del suelo es una buena alternativa para el productor lechero, manteniendo buenos rendimientos de forraje y calidad del suelo.
Soil nitrogen and organic carbon differences between no‐till and conventional tillage systems are often dramatic and well documented, but these differences between no‐till and stubble mulch tillage systems are more subtle. Our objective was to evaluate changes in soil inorganic N, organic N, organic C, surface soil moisture and grain yield on the southern High Plains as affected by stubble mulch and no‐till tillage systems from 1988 to 1992. The cropping system was a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)‐sorghum‐fallow‐wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation conducted on a Pullman sandy clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) under dryland conditions near Clovis, NM. Tillage treatments were main plots and N fertilization treatments were subplots. Averaged over 5 yr and 37 sampling dates, the no‐till treatment had 2.0 mg kg−1 less inorganic N, 40 mg kg−1 more organic N, and 617 mg kg−1 more organic C than the stubble mulch treatment. Although differences between tillage systems were generally small, they were most noticeable during sorghum planting and development. No‐till unfertilized treatments often showed N deficiency symptoms during development. Nitrogen fertilization was more important than tillage system in determining sorghum and wheat yields in wet years. In dry years, N‐fertilized stubble mulch treatments had the lowest yields. Since conversion to either stubble mulch or no‐till in 1987, organic C levels under both systems have continually increased.
Organic fertilizers were evaluated on jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and on their effect on the soil content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and organic matter (OM), at the Experimental Station of the Agriculture and Zootechnics Faculty (FAZ-UJED), Ejido Venecia, Durango, México. The assayed experimental fertilizers were vermicompost (VC) with 0 and 3 Mg ha−1, in factorial combination with solarized manure (SM), with 0, 40, 80, and 120 Mg ha−1, and an inorganic fertilization nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) at 150–100–00 Mg ha−1. Microbiological analyses were performed to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. The highest yield was 56.2 Mg ha−1 with 120 Mg ha−1 SM, which was statistically similar to 40 and 80 Mg ha−1; the highest P content (70.7 mg kg−1) and OM (3.7%) occurred with 120 Mg ha−1 SM. The inorganic fertilizer reflected the lowest OM (1.1%). Nutrients provided by SM were sufficient to satisfy the crop needs. Values of pH, EC and N were not affected by SM. The fruit quality was not affected by the organic fertilizers. Most fruits were classified as Second-Class Quality (60%), followed by First-Class Quality (25%). Microbiological analyses were negative for Salmonella spp., suggesting that the SM is effective in its elimination.
En este estudio se determinó el efecto de la densidad de población y dosis de fertilización nitrogenada sobre el rendimiento y eficiencia de uso de nitrógeno en maíz (Zea mays L.) forrajero durante el ciclo de verano en la Comarca Lagunera, México, mediante dos experimentos, uno en 1998 y otro en 1999. Se estudiaron tres dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (125, 250 y 375 kg ha-1) y cinco densidades de población (9.0, 12.0, 15.0, 18.0 y 21.0 plantas/m2 en 1998; y 8.5, 11.0, 13.5, 16.0 y 18.5 plantas/m2 en 1999). Se midió el rendimiento de materia seca (MS), concentración y extracción de nitrógeno (N) y eficiencia de uso del N. Densidades superiores a 9.0 plantas/m2 no incrementaron significativamente el rendimiento de MS. La eficiencia de uso del N fue mayor en la dosis de 125 kg N ha-1 debido a un mejor aprovechamiento del N disponible en el suelo, el cual fue suficiente para lograr una extracción de 139 a 201.8 kg N ha-1 y permitir la obtención de un rendimiento similar al producido con 250 kg N ha-1. La aplicación de 375 kg N ha-1 incrementó el rendimiento de MS entre 11.8 y 17.5 %, pero redujo la eficiencia de uso de N.
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