Values education is very important for supporting and directing the attitudes and behaviors that brings from birth and changes by the effects of surroundings. The most effective people to provide this support after family are the teachers, especially the physical education teachers who are constantly communicating with the students. Therefore, teachers' perception and knowledge level for this concept should be determined. In order to achieve this purpose, the study was prepared by using qualitative research method. The sample group of the study consists of nine physical education teachers who were determined with easily accessible case sampling method, which is one of the purposive sampling methods. Individual interviews which lasted for an average of 30 minutes were conducted with physical education teachers within the context of semi-structured interview technique. The participants were informed that the interviews would be voice recorded and later their expressions would be written down and after necessary permissions were taken, the interviews were recorded. Descriptive and content analysis methods were used to analyze the expressions which were converted into text. The results of the analyses showed that according to physical education teachers, firstly family and after school teachers are responsible for teaching values. Value education through physical education is necessary and it is considered to be positively reflected in school discipline. It is also stated that in the teacher training programs there should be practical courses for direct values education as well as theoretical courses.

The current study provides an important step in determining the relations among resilience, hope, self esteem, locus of control and academic achievement. Our sample is composed of 1,169 male junior soccer players selected via nationwide sports selection program. We have employed a cross-sectional research design to assess the relationship between variables by using structural equation modeling. Our results suggested that personal factors, familial resilience, and society but not peers serve as protective factors for elevating hope, self-esteem and finally academic achievement for pre-adolescent children. We have also found that resilience have differential effects when combined with an internal locus of control supporting Masten and Reed (2002)'s argument that resilience comes from operations of ordinary human systems. In addition, culture has become an important ingredient in the complex relationships between certain predictors and their outcomes and it is almost impossible not to consider its determining role in those relationships and contexts.Author Note This study has been carried out as part of a nationwide social responsibility program which was sponsored by one of the largest companies in Turkey. The names of the company and the program were not mentioned for confidentiality purposes.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

The purpose of this study is to find out the views of teachers of physical education about how they define character education, whether they think national education curriculum and the curriculum of private schools are suitable for character education and whether they think character education can be applied in physical education lessons. Case report design was used in this study which was prepared with qualitative research method. The sample group of the study consists of 6 physical education teachers working in 3 secondary schools and 2 high schools of Kütahya city center which were determined with easily accessible case sampling method, which is one of the purposive sampling methods. Individual interviews which lasted for an average of 15-20 minutes were conducted with physical education teachers within the context of semi-structured interview technique. The participants were informed that the interviews would be voice recorded and later their expressions would be written down to avoid data loss and after necessary permissions were taken, the interviews were recorded. Descriptive and content analysis methods were used to analyze the expressions which were converted into text. The results of the analyses showed that physical education teachers defined character education as changes that occurred in individuals' behaviors first in the family, then at school and the education conducted to teach individuals socially accepted and correct behaviors. In addition, it was found that the teachers stated that the current curriculum of the country and also physical education curriculum were not suitable for character education; however, since it is a social lesson and since participants are continuously active and in communication, physical education lessons can be more effective than other lessons in terms of character development.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-, moderate- and long-duration treadmill exercise (15, 30 and 60 min) on the mean frequency and amplitude of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats.Material and methodsIn this study, 32 rats were assigned to 15, 30, and 60 min running exercise groups and the control group, each consisting of 8 rats. According to the specified protocol, the rats were submitted to running exercises at the same hour of each day for 90 days. After the exercise program, the rats were administered (500 IU/2.5 µl) of penicillin into the left cortex by the microinjection method. An electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording was performed for 3 h using a data acquisition system. The frequency and the amplitude of the recordings were analyzed.ResultsShort-duration treadmill exercise (15 min) caused a decrease in the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity at 70 min after penicillin injection (p < 0.001). The mean frequency of epileptiform activity decreased at 90 min after penicillin injection in the 30 and 60 min treadmill exercise groups (p < 0.01). The mean amplitude of epileptiform activity was not changed in any of the exercise groups compared to the control (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that short-, moderate- and long-duration treadmill exercises decreased the frequency of penicillin-induced epileptiform activity. These findings may contribute to improving the quality of life in epileptic patients.

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