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Antipsychotic drugs are extensively prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other related psychiatric disorders. These drugs produced their action by blocking dopamine (DA) receptors, and these receptors are widely present throughout the brain. Therefore, extended antipsychotic use also leads to severe extrapyramidal side effects. The short-term effects include parkinsonism and the later appearing tardive dyskinesia. Currently available treatments for these disorders are mostly symptomatic and insufficient, and are often linked with a number of detrimental side effects. Antipsychotic-drug-induced tardive dyskinesia prompted researchers to explore novel drugs with fewer undesirable extrapyramidal side effects. Preclinical studies suggest a role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-1A and 2A/2C receptors in the modulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission and motivating a search for better therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia and related disorders. In addition, adjunctive treatment with antioxidants such as vitamin E, red rice bran oil, and curcumin in the early phases of illness may prevent additional oxidative injury, and thus improve and prevent further possible worsening of related neurological and behavioral deficits in schizophrenia. This review explains the role of serotonergic receptors and oxidative stress, with the aim of providing principles for prospect development of compounds to improve therapeutic effects of antischizophrenic drugs.

Antipsychotic medications may reduce or eliminate symptoms of psychosis. They are not a 'cure' for mental illnesses, but can be an effective part of treating mental disorders. Even though many of the antipsychotics such as haloperidol cannot cure mental illnesses, they are effective in eliminating or reducing psychotic symptoms. However, prolong administration of haloperidol may result in parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia. The objective of the present research was to determine the effects of long term co-administration of RRBO in diet on haloperidol induced anxiety and EPS. It was hypothesized that co-administration of RRBO by the free radicals scavenging property could alleviate parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia. The present results showed a reversal of haloperidol induced parkinsonian like effects and tardive dyskinesia in rats cotreated with RRBO.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

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