In order for people to use non-prescription products properly, it would be definitely necessary to elaborate a successful national education strategy. The population expects information concerning medicaments to be communicated in the pharmacies in an understandable way. It should be in the pharmacy where patients learn about the medicaments they take, where the pharmacist knows what other medicines have been prescribed by a doctor, and whether patients have any illnesses whereby they should not take other products.

Nemzetközi korrupciós rangsorok tudományos megbízhatósága Összefoglaló: A korrupció-rejtőzködő természetéből fakadóan-nehezen mérhető. A módszertanilag nem kellőképpen megalapozott mérések és az így kialakított rangsorok azonban legalább olyan gazdasági kockázatot jelentenek, mint maga a korrupció. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy a dokumentumelemzés módszerét alkalmazva, a szakirodalom áttekintését követően megvizsgálja a legismertebb korrupciós percepciós index számításának módszertani megfelelőségét. A korrupciós mérésekkel szemben a nemzetközi szakirodalomban megfogalmazott legfontosabb kritikák is rávilágítanak arra, hogy a legtöbb esetben nem biztosított a korrupciós méréseket kibocsátó szervezetek függetlensége, a felhasznált adatforrások és az alkalmazott módszertan transzparenciája. Mindezekből következően, valamint a válaszadói csoport nem megfelelő összeállítása, az adatforrások összesítésének hiányosságai miatt-módszertani megalapozottság hiányában-az eredmények nem alkalmasak az egyes országok összehasonlítására, tudományos következtetések levonására, de még olyan diagnózist sem állítanak fel a vizsgált jelenséggel kapcsolatban, amely hatékony eszközként szolgálhatna a megfelelő szakpolitikai döntések meghozatalához.

Since the financial crisis in 2008 the investigation of financial literacy–especially its components (personality, attitudes, behaviour etc.) - is in the limelight. Modern economics have recognized that in order to effectively forecast financial and economic processes it is primordial to understand the attitudes of the members of society toward finances, as well as the characteristics of various social group sharing the same views and behaviours. In 2015 two relevant pieces of research were conducted in this topic in Hungary. One focuses on the financial personality types, while the other investigates Hungarians’ financial culture in general based on the research methodology of the OECD. Based on these two databases our comparative study highlights the main characteristics of financial personality types. The three clusters based on the OECD research cover the nine personality types from the results of the other Hungarian research. Our findings show that the cluster of “anxious unsatisfied” encapsulates the “economizers with little money”, the “price sensitive” and the “collector” personality types. Furthermore, the “satisfied conscious” covers the “order creates value”, the “diligent” and the “planner” personality types. Finally, the “moderately anxious unconsidered” involves the “ups and downs”, the “money-devouring” and the “cannot control finances” personality types. The clusters identified during the research show idiosyncratic financial and psychological vulnerability and/or protection.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new method to measure Financial Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on OECD financial literacy survey, and to analyse the 2018 OECD survey data along FVI. The sample used in the article is representative for Hungary (sample size: 1,001). Our analysis sharply points out that although the growth of income reduces financial vulnerability, the higher disposable amount does not increase financial awareness. One of the key findings of the research is the identification of the correlations between financial attitudes and financial vulnerability. Our analysis shows that the difficulty of prolonging current desires is a significant factor underlying the development of financial vulnerability. Financially vulnerable population groups not only often struggle to make ends meet, but they also have difficulty controlling spending money. 1

Owing to its hiding nature, corruption is difficult to measure. However, measurements lacking sufficient methodological grounds and the rankings so created pose just as much of economic risk as the corruption itself. The objective of the present study is to examine the methodological compliance of the calculation of the most well-known corruption perceptions index after having reviewed the specific literature and by using the method of document analysis. The most important criticisms formed against corruption measures in the international specific literature also highlight that in the most cases the independence of the organizations issuing the corruption measures, the transparency of data sources used and the applied methodology are not ensured. It follows from all of the above, and due to improper compilation of the respondent group and the inadequacies of the summary of the data sources-in the absence of methodological substantiation-the results are not suitable for comparing the countries, to draw scientific conclusions, and they do not even make a diagnosis related to the phenomenon examined which could serves as an efficient tool for making the appropriate policy decisions.