Since the financial crisis in 2008 the investigation of financial literacy–especially its components (personality, attitudes, behaviour etc.) - is in the limelight. Modern economics have recognized that in order to effectively forecast financial and economic processes it is primordial to understand the attitudes of the members of society toward finances, as well as the characteristics of various social group sharing the same views and behaviours. In 2015 two relevant pieces of research were conducted in this topic in Hungary. One focuses on the financial personality types, while the other investigates Hungarians’ financial culture in general based on the research methodology of the OECD. Based on these two databases our comparative study highlights the main characteristics of financial personality types. The three clusters based on the OECD research cover the nine personality types from the results of the other Hungarian research. Our findings show that the cluster of “anxious unsatisfied” encapsulates the “economizers with little money”, the “price sensitive” and the “collector” personality types. Furthermore, the “satisfied conscious” covers the “order creates value”, the “diligent” and the “planner” personality types. Finally, the “moderately anxious unconsidered” involves the “ups and downs”, the “money-devouring” and the “cannot control finances” personality types. The clusters identified during the research show idiosyncratic financial and psychological vulnerability and/or protection.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new method to measure Financial Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on OECD financial literacy survey, and to analyse the 2018 OECD survey data along FVI. The sample used in the article is representative for Hungary (sample size: 1,001). Our analysis sharply points out that although the growth of income reduces financial vulnerability, the higher disposable amount does not increase financial awareness. One of the key findings of the research is the identification of the correlations between financial attitudes and financial vulnerability. Our analysis shows that the difficulty of prolonging current desires is a significant factor underlying the development of financial vulnerability. Financially vulnerable population groups not only often struggle to make ends meet, but they also have difficulty controlling spending money. 1

A pénzügyi sérülékenység jellemzői a magyar lakosság körében az OECD 2018-as adatainak tükrében Összefoglaló: Tanulmányunk célja bemutatni a pénzügyisérülékenység-mutató megalkotásának hátterét és módszerét, valamint ez alapján feltárni azokat a demográfiai, szociodemográfiai, tudás-, viselkedés-és attitűdbeli tényezőket, amelyek szignifikáns összefüggést mutatnak a pénzügyi sérülékenységgel. Elemzésünk az OECD 2018-as adatain (1001 elemszámú reprezentatív minta) alapul. Az eredmények arra engednek következtetni, hogy a nemzetközi szakirodalomban található, a pénzügyi sérülékenységgel összefüggésbe hozható változókon túl érdemes további, főként tudásbeli, valamint magatartással és attitűddel kapcsolatos változókat is bevonni. Elemzésünk élesen rámutat, hogy a jövedelem növekedése csökkenti ugyan a pénzügyi sérülékenységet, de a magasabb elkölthető összeg nem növeli a pénzügyi tudatosságot. A kutatás egyik legfőbb eredménye a pénzügyi attitűdök és a pénzügyi sérülékenység közötti összefüggések feltárása. Elemzésünk azt mutatja, hogy a pénzügyi sérülékenység kialakulásának hátterében az aktuális vágyak prolongálásának nehézsége jelentős tényező. A pénzügyileg sérülékeny csoportokra ugyanis nemcsak az jellemző, hogy megélhetési gondokkal küzdenek, hanem az is, hogy emellett nehézséget jelent számukra a pénzköltés kontrollálása is. 1

Financial markets and products are becoming increasingly complex. This trend goes hand in hand with an ever-deepening financial information gap. Researchers and marketers should get acquainted with behaviour, habits and attitudes of future's consumers better. One of the key target groups in exploring this area includes secondary school and university students, as most of the financial education programmes address them. The aim of this study to find out young adults' characteristics regarding their financial behaviour and attitudes. By segmenting and describing Hungarian undergraduates according to their financial attitudes, the present study sets out to contribute to the success of financial educational programmes, initiated by either the public sector (financial education) or the business sector, with the aim to enhance the level of financial literacy. Based on the database of 2070 respondents, using principal component analysis and K-means clustering, we found that the young people can be categorised into three groups: (1) conservatives, (2) rebels and (3) experienced. The distinct differences in the attitudes and experiences of the three groups suggest that their financial education should be based on different foundations, which is worth considering when developing the relevant curricula.

HungaryThis study examines the impact of mother-child interactions on youth purchase decisions with a clear focus on dependent young adults living in the parental home. Two studies were carried out using both quantitative and qualitative approaches in order to understand the characteristics of young adults' purchase decision-making. In the first study, a survey was distributed among young adults, and in the second study, several short essays from pairs of young adults and their mothers were analysed. Findings suggest that mother-child communication has a significant impact on children's consumer decision-making style.Furthermore, these results draw particular attention to the laissez-faire communication style, which is relevant due to both its prevalence and its influence on youth decision-making. We also conclude that the product or service category is a critical consideration when the independence of young adults is evaluated in relation to their purchases.