The aim of this paper is to introduce a new method to measure Financial Vulnerability Index (FVI) based on OECD financial literacy survey, and to analyse the 2018 OECD survey data along FVI. The sample used in the article is representative for Hungary (sample size: 1,001). Our analysis sharply points out that although the growth of income reduces financial vulnerability, the higher disposable amount does not increase financial awareness. One of the key findings of the research is the identification of the correlations between financial attitudes and financial vulnerability. Our analysis shows that the difficulty of prolonging current desires is a significant factor underlying the development of financial vulnerability. Financially vulnerable population groups not only often struggle to make ends meet, but they also have difficulty controlling spending money. 1

A pénzügyi sérülékenység jellemzői a magyar lakosság körében az OECD 2018-as adatainak tükrében Összefoglaló: Tanulmányunk célja bemutatni a pénzügyisérülékenység-mutató megalkotásának hátterét és módszerét, valamint ez alapján feltárni azokat a demográfiai, szociodemográfiai, tudás-, viselkedés-és attitűdbeli tényezőket, amelyek szignifikáns összefüggést mutatnak a pénzügyi sérülékenységgel. Elemzésünk az OECD 2018-as adatain (1001 elemszámú reprezentatív minta) alapul. Az eredmények arra engednek következtetni, hogy a nemzetközi szakirodalomban található, a pénzügyi sérülékenységgel összefüggésbe hozható változókon túl érdemes további, főként tudásbeli, valamint magatartással és attitűddel kapcsolatos változókat is bevonni. Elemzésünk élesen rámutat, hogy a jövedelem növekedése csökkenti ugyan a pénzügyi sérülékenységet, de a magasabb elkölthető összeg nem növeli a pénzügyi tudatosságot. A kutatás egyik legfőbb eredménye a pénzügyi attitűdök és a pénzügyi sérülékenység közötti összefüggések feltárása. Elemzésünk azt mutatja, hogy a pénzügyi sérülékenység kialakulásának hátterében az aktuális vágyak prolongálásának nehézsége jelentős tényező. A pénzügyileg sérülékeny csoportokra ugyanis nemcsak az jellemző, hogy megélhetési gondokkal küzdenek, hanem az is, hogy emellett nehézséget jelent számukra a pénzköltés kontrollálása is. 1

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is proposing a regulation for the protection of the public from radioactive contamination at sites that are to be cleaned up and released for public use. The rule will apply to sites under the control of Federal agencies, and will impose limits on radiation doses to individuals living or working on a site following cleanup; it will thereby provide site owners and managers with uniform, consistent cleanup criteria for planning and carrying out remediation. This paper presents an overview of EPA's approach to assessing some of the beneficial and adverse effects associated with various possible values for the annual dose limit. In particular, it discusses the method developed to determine how the choice of cleanup criterion affects (1) the time-integrated potential numbers of non-fatal and fatal radiogenic cancers averted among future populations, (2) the occurrence of radiogenic cancers among remediation workers and the public caused by the cleanup process itself, and (3) the volumes of contaminated soil that may require remediation. The analytic methods described here were used to provide input data and assumptions for the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) that supports the proposed regulation; the RIA also considered non-radiological benefits and costs (i.e., public health, economic, and ecological) of the standards.

The aim of the research is to explore the financial knowledge, attitudes, confidence, behaviour and motivations of teachers (N=752) teaching different subjects. The survey is particularly important because their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours affect the financial awareness of the students they teach. The results indicate a higher level of financial literacy than assumed, revealing that teachers have a higher level of financial literacy than students in higher education. 86% of those surveyed have savings in addition to bank deposits, such as government bonds and other, more complex forms of savings, indicating a high level of financial awareness and inclusion. Teachers highly value their own financial literacy, and similar to those studying in higher education, are risk averse. Their vast majority consider the development of financial literacy in schools important. Financial literacy trainings have a measurably positive effect on the level of knowledge of the participants. Based on the results of the research, it is worthwhile to shape the curricula and the requirements based on the financial awareness and motivation of the teachers.

This is the second in a series of papers that discuss methodologies being developed and employed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in support of its decisions on cleanup levels for radioactively contaminated sites that are to be remediated and released for public use. It describes a model, CU-POP, designed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to obtain estimates of the potential collective radiological health impacts over specific periods of time (100, 1,000 and 10,000 y following cleanup), both on and off site, due to residual radioactive materials in on-site soil. Collective doses and risks are linear in population density for the direct exposure, dust and indoor radon inhalation, and soil ingestion pathways; it is assumed that specific fractions of all food grown and all groundwater pumped at a site are consumed by on- and off-site populations. The model was developed for application to a set of hypothetical "reference" sites; its testing on a simple generic site is discussed briefly here.