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The notion of a United States of Europe, linked fairly closely as it was to the activities of the League of Nations, met with remarkable success in the early 1930s. This was due to several factors: the wave of paci® st opinion, which strove to render any new con¯ict impossible, to the search for a lasting solution to Franco-German antagonism, and to a growing perception of Europe's decline on the international economic and political stage. L'Europe  en, a review published in Paris between 1929 and 1940, participated fully in this intellectual movement, nourished also by an emerging consciousness of a European identity, by situating the European debate on a cultural level. Financed and led by E  tienne Fouge Á re, a Lyonnais parliamentarian and industrialist who was at the very crossroads of in¯uences, milieux and networks, this periodical expressly targeted the international e  lites and actively campaigned for the economic organisation of Europe, for the defence of commercial interests by means of throwing open markets, and for the defence of a European model of society that was quite distinct from the American and Soviet blueprints.

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