Surfaktan merupakan suatu molekul yang memiliki gugus hidrofilik (suka dengan air) dan gugus lipofilik (suka akan lemak) sehingga dapat mempersatukan campuran yang terdiri dari air dan minyak. Aktifitas surfaktan diperoleh karena sifat ganda dari molekulnya. Surfaktan yang umum dipakai adalah surfaktan yang disintesis dari petroleum seperti petroleum sulfonat. Kelemahan penggunaan surfaktan ini adalah tidak tahan terhadap kadar salinitas yang tinggi, cenderung mencemari lingkungan karena sifatnya yang sulit didegradasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan NaHSO3 kedalam metil ester dari crude palm oil. Setelah dilakukan campuran dengan rasio mol 1:1,5 dengan kosentrasi NaHSO3 20%, 25%, 30%, dan 35% dan temperatur 70 oC, 80 oC, 90 oC, 100 oC kemudian disulfonasi  selama 4 jam, kemudian dilakukan pemurnian dengan menggunakan metanol 35% persen suhu 50 oC selama 1,5 jam dan dinetralkan dengan NaOH 20% pada suhu 55 oC selama 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel terbaik pada konsentrasi NaHSO3 35% dan temperatur 90 oC diperoleh nila pH 5,42 dan % yield sebesar 89,80%.

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<p>An endophytic fungi has been widely known for a source of bioactive compounds attributed as antimicrobial and antioxidant.  In this report, we investigated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of extract of endophytic fungi associated with two indigenous Indonesian medicinal plants, i.e., <em>Chloranthus officinalis (</em>CO)<em> </em>and <em>Staurogyne elongata</em> (SE). Ten endophytic fungi isolates were collected from barks, roots, and leaves of CO and SE host plants and were cultured into potato dextrose broth (PDB) media. After 14 days of incubation, the whole culture was extracted by ethyl acetate. The qualitative antimicrobial analysis that was conducted by dot blot and TLC-bioautography showed all of the extracts show antimicrobial activity against <em>Staphylococcus aureus. At the same time,</em> they were observed less active against <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis showed that endophytic fungi extract of CO₂ and SE3 are classified as strong antibacterial activity against <em>S. aureus</em> with MIC value &lt;8 µg/ml.  The TLC bioautography of antioxidant displayed the appearance of radical inhibition area from SE4 and SE5 extract. Quantitative antioxidant activity, which was conducted by the radical DPPH scavenging, showed that SE5 has the lowest IC₅₀ value, i.e., 56.3679 µg/ml (AAI value 0.5455) and was classified as moderate antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the remaining extracts are classified as weak antioxidant activity.</p>

Macrofungi in Indonesia have not been widely studied for their pharmacological activity, especially as a source of antibacterial and antioxidant properties, even though Indonesia as a tropical country has quite a high diversity of macrofungi. This study aims to reveal the potential of macrofungi from the Enggano forest as a source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Four types of macrofungi were collected and their metabolites were extracted using four types of organic solvents. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity assay of the extract was carried out using the TLC Bioautography method. From the sixteen macrofungal extracts, there is one extract that has the strongest antibacterial activity compared to the others, namely n-hexane Coriolopsis polyzona. It showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with MIC values of 256–128 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of the macrofungal extracts showed weak activity with IC50 values of 3080–7370 μg/mL (AAI values of 0.033–0.079).