We analyze the influence of gender diversity in top management on the environmental performance of French firms. Consistent with gender socialization theory, which posits that women are raised from childhood to be more nurturing and compassionate for others, we find that firms with more women in top management exhibit higher environmental performance. This result extends those already reported in the literature regarding the effect of gender diversity at board level. We also show that women in top management are associated with several key indicators such as development of eco-friendly products and commitment to resource reduction. Furthermore, we find that the influence of women is weaker in firms with a lower environmental performance and in firms with high growth opportunities since these firms are likely to prioritize their own development. This suggest, in line with social role theory, that women also adapt into the role that organizations expect from them.
Résumé :Les déterminants justifiant l'utilisation des critères non financiers pour évaluer ou piloter la performance renvoient à des explications théoriques en liaison avec les approches contractuelles et cognitives. L'objectif de notre article est de proposer pour ces deux approches une analyse théorique. Pour l'approche contractuelle, nous dressons une typologie des explications du choix des critères non financiers avancées dans les travaux existants. Nous montrons également que d'autres théories auraient pu être mobilisées. Pour l'approche cognitive, nous précisons les travaux qui établissent explicitement un lien entre une lecture théorique et les critères non financiers ainsi que d'autres travaux pour lesquels nous établissons ce lien. Nous précisons enfin le référentiel théorique auquel peuvent se rattacher des outils présentant de nombreux critères non financiers comme le Balanced Scorecard ou le Capital Intellectuel.
Mots clés :Critères non financiers -Théories contractuelles -Théories cognitives -Contrôle -Performance.
Abstract: The Use of Non-financial Measures to Evaluate or Manage the Performance: A Theoretical AnalysisThe determinants which explain the use of non-financial measures in order to evaluate or drive the performance belong to disciplinary (contractual) and knowledge-based approaches. The aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical analysis of these explanations. For the disciplinary view, we realize a typology of the existing literature. We show that others theories explain the choice of non-financial measures too. For the knowledge-based view, we propose a synthesis of the existing literature in which the link between non-financial and theoretical explanations exists or in which we highlight it. Finally, we explain why the Balanced Scorecard can be associated to the disciplinary view and the Intellectual Capital to the knowledge-based view.
FARGO-Centre de recherche en Finance, ARchitecture et Gouvernance des Organisations Cahier du FARGO n° 1071101 Les motivations des managers utilisant des critères non financiers : une analyse empirique What are the motives of the managers using non-financial indicators? An empirical study Evelyne POINCELOT Grégory WEGMAN Université de Bourgogne (LEG/FARGO) Novembre 2007 Résumé : L'objectif de l'article est de proposer une étude quantitative, en vue d'analyser la pertinence de mettre en place des indicateurs non financiers selon les grilles théoriques contractuelle et cognitive. Nous testons la pertinence d'une distinction entre l'approche théorique contractuelle et l'approche cognitive, en étudiant les motivations des managers qui utilisent des indicateurs non financiers puis les caractéristiques de leurs entreprises.
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