In recent years, research focusing on intangible issues in business contexts has flourished. The authors of the
current study aimed to contribute to this research by considering managers in terms of their spiritual leadership,
spirituality and religiosity. This study addresses these concepts and tests a model that assesses the relationships
between the spiritual leadership attributes of top Turkish managers and the spirituality and religiosity of those
individuals. The results reveal four key elements. First, the spiritual leadership of top Turkish managers depends
upon their wisdom and altruism. In addition, their spirituality is comprised of their approach to immateriality and
their spiritual awareness. Furthermore, there are no common factors among spiritual leadership, spirituality and
religiosity. Finally, although the factors that form spiritual leadership, spirituality and religiosity have very weak
and positive relationships, no statistically significant relationship was found between spiritual leadership and the
issues of spirituality and religiosity

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Patient satisfaction is at the heart of all health care activities; and thus, it requires a special attention. Among various approaches to patient satisfaction, those using patients' demographics have very mixed results. An attempt for clarification is needed. For this reason, this study aims to scrutinize possible effects of patients' demographic features on their satisfaction. Data were collected from 372 participants who actively received health services from the clinics of eight private and public general hospitals in the city of İstanbul. An inclusive approach is embraced in terms of covering as many factors of patient satisfaction as possible by means of combining various related instruments. After a unique satisfaction structure is obtained, the effects of patients' genders, ages, education levels, and marital statuses on this structure are examined. The results indicate that there is a partial effect of participants' demographic features on their satisfaction, which is solely limited to their ages and marital statuses.

There is profound evidence that entrepreneurship is not solely a very attention-taking fact in business context, but is also a very prominent subject in terms of scientific research. There are many studies performed to understand the reasons, nature, factors, and results of entrepreneurship in both national and international literature; albeit the focus on the small and medium-sized enterprises in organized industrial zones is not much emphasized in the Turkish literature. An aim of this current study is to contribute to the relevant literature in this sense. Another aim is towards the subject of job satisfaction; there are indeed countless studies considering job satisfaction of the workers and managers in many different contexts in the world. A gap is that the job satisfaction factors of business owners are generally ignored in the literature, and this gap is intended to be partly filled in by this study. Put together, this study investigates the factors, which contribute to the business owners' satisfaction with their own businesses in the Turkish context with an emphasis on small and medium-sized enterprises. For the operationalization of this investigation, owners of small and medium-sized enterprises in Beylikdüzü Organized Industrial Zone are selected and many instruments are combined in order to cover as many job satisfaction factors as possible. Evidence from Turkish literature is also found and noted in this process, with the intention of building upon the current body of research. The results yield that there are multiple factors related to the business owners' job satisfaction.

Relevant literature notes that leadership in business contexts inspires innovativeness. This study considers this insight as a starting point but moves beyond the existing literature by focusing only on leaders to understand how leadership inspires a leader’s own innovativeness. The author chose the people who own and manage a business (owner-managers) and used the perceptions of workers in businesses to evaluate the existence of leadership as well as leadership orientations of owner-managers. The key objectives of this study – namely, evaluating how perceived leadership and leadership orientations of owner-managers affect their own innovativeness – reveal remarkable results. There are two leadership orientations, one focusing on the work and the other that focuses on people. There are many factors related to owner-manager innovativeness. The perceived leadership of owner-managers moderately affects their innovativeness in a positive direction. The factors related to people-oriented leadership can also affect their innovativeness positively at a moderate level.