The aim of the article is a pragmatic analysis of various linguistic communication situations in the light of Grice’s principle of cooperation (1975). The analysis shows that language strategies involve a deliberate flouting of the cooperative principle using various pragmatic functions. The presented communication strategies in English, German, Polish and Russian show similarities in their occurrence. The sender may convey intentions not directly, but by hidden means of expression which often become an exponent of an apparent question, a change in the argumentative direction, the use of ambiguous words, irony or even silence. Hence, we can talk about the implementation of the pragmatic functions of “language avoidance”, “counter-argumentation”, “counter-proposal”, “irony” etc.

Introduction:There is an increasing number of adrenal tumours discovered incidentally during imaging examinations performed for many different indications. Based on imaging results, it is possible to differentiate benign from malignant adrenal masses, although there is still a number of equivocal imaging findings. Our study presents 77 cases of adrenal tumours in which imaging was inconclusive and the final diagnosis was stated only after surgery and histopathological examination. Material and methods:Retrospective data analysis: 77 cases of indeterminate adrenal tumours with a presumptive diagnosis of "nonadenoma" in patients operated within a 16-year period (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019). None of the patients had a history of malignancy, and all tumours were hormonally inactive. On contrast-enhanced CT, the native density of all tumours was higher than 10 Hounsfield Units (HU), and the absolute percentage washout (APW) and relative percentage washout (RPW) were lower than 60% and 40%, respectively. Results:The most common findings were adrenal adenoma (25.9%), macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (16.9%), ganglioneuroma (15.6%), and haemorrhage with posthaemorrhagic changes (13%). In total, there were 12 various histopathological diagnoses in this group. There were only 2 (2.6%) malignant (adrenal cancer and leiomyosarcoma) and 3 (3.9%) potentially malignant (pheochromocytoma) lesions in this group. Conclusions:It is often impossible to make a correct diagnosis in a clinical setting until it is histologically verified. "Nonadenoma" adrenal tumours constitute a heterogeneous group including very rare pathologies. The risk of malignancy in indeterminate adrenal tumours is relatively low.

Teaching business Polish to foreign businessmen in Poland has its specificity: lessons often take place in learners’ offices on a one-to-one basis or in very small groups. Learners are usually very demanding and autonomous. They want to have control over their language learning process but are unwilling to take any tests. Therefore, process of evaluation has to be organized in a less conventional manner. The article reflects on the needs of such learners and describes the most effective ways which, according to its author, measure their skills: formative assessment and task-based assessment.

Ze względu na stosunkowo dobrą sytuację ekonomiczną w ostatnich latach, Polska stała się atrakcyjnym miejscem międzynarodowych inwestycji. Zagraniczne firmy razem z kapitałem przywożą do naszego kraju także pracowników, którzy często rozpoczynają w naszym kraju naukę języka polskiego. Profil tych studentów różni się znacznie od profilu innych uczących się, np. szkolnych lub akademickich. Biznesmeni chcą łączyć naukę języka ogólnego z elementami zawodowymi, dlatego mają odmienne motywacje, potrzeby czy problemy niż uczący się języka ogólnego. Często odmienny profil tych osób nie jest uwzględniany ani przez prowadzących kursy języka polskiego jako obcego (jpjo), ani autorów podręczników. Ze względu na specyfikę procesu nauczania/uczenia się języka w kontekście biznesowym konieczne jest zredefiniowanie relacji nauczyciel/uczący się, a także wskazanie nowych ról, w które wchodzą.