In Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot and Amblyseius bibens Blommers a relation was found between the duration of copulation and the resultant egg production. After 15 min of copulation no eggs were produced but after respectively 30, 60 and 90 min an increasing number of eggs were deposited. In P. persimilis the total number of eggs can be produced after one copulation of long duration but in A. bibens several copulations are necessary for total egg production. Evidence was found that egg deposition depends on the quantity of sperm transferred during insemination. Relatively more males developed from eggs deposited during the first day of egg deposition but males are produced throughout the whole egg‐laying period. Females of P. persimilis remain fertile throughout their life until they have deposited their total possible number of eggs. Three to 4 egg‐laying periods could be induced by copulations of 30 min duration. At each period relatively more males developed from eggs laid during the first days. Males of P. persimilis were found to be very fertile. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the reproductive strategy of both species. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG KOPULATION, EIZAHL UND GESCHLECHTSVERHÄLTNIS BEI PHYTOSEIULUS PERSIMILIS UND AMBLYSEIUS BIBENS (ACARI·PHYTOSEIIDAE) Bei Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot und Amblyseius bibens Blommers wurde ein Zusammenhang gefunden zwischen Kopulationsdauer und der resultierenden Eiproduktion Nach 15 Minuten Kopulation wurden keine Eier produziert; nach 30, 60 und 90 Minuten Kopulation hingegen wurde eine steigende Zahl Eier abgelegt. Bei P persimilis kann die totale Eizahl nach einer einzigen Kopulation von langer Dauer produziert werden, während bei A. bibens mehrere Kopulationen notwendig sind. Es wurden Anhaltspunkte gefunden, dass die Eizahl von der während der Besamung übertragenen Spermienmenge abhängt. Aus während der ersten Tage der Eiproduktion abgelegten Eiern entwickelten sich relativ mehr Männchen, doch wurden Männchen während der ganzen Eiablageperiode produziert. Weibchen von P. persimilis bleiben während ihres ganzen Lebens, bis sie alle Eier abgelegt haben, fertil. Drei bis vier Eiablageperioden konnten durch Kopulationen von 30 Minuten Dauer induziert werden. Bei jeder Periode entwickelten sich aus den in den ersten Tagen abgelegten Eiern relativ mehr Männchen. Männchen von P. persimilis erwiesen sich als sehr fertil. Die Resultate werden im Zusammenhang mit der Vermehrungsstrategie beider Arten diskutiert.
Under greenhouse conditions the effective concentration of 2,4-D (amine salt) for killing water hyacinths could be decreased 10 times if 2,k4-D was applied in combination with extremely low concentrations of gibberellic acid (6 g/ha or higher). This implies that in practice the risk of harming nearby vegetation is considerably reduced, and the cost of spraying programmes might be decreased.
T. castaeneum larvae were bred on millet grains in equilibrium with 10, 30 and 70 % R.H. at 25, 28, 35, and 38 °C. The fastest development took place at 35–38 °C and 70 % R.H. and was similar to developmental periods found with wheatfeed as food. The maximum temperature at which complete development took place was 38 °C at 70 % or 30 % R.H. At 30 % R.H. however, mortality was high and developmental periods were considerably prolonged. At 35 °C and 10 % R.H. no larva reached the adult stage. Pupal weights decreased at low R.H., the more so at high temperature. At 28 °C, low R.H. decreased adult longevity and egg production considerably. Newly emerged larvae were able to develop on visibly undamaged grains. At 28 °C and 10 % R.H. a larva caused a mean dry weight loss to the grains of 12.3 mg, at 70 % R.H. this loss was 7.9 mg. The germs of the grains were especially attached. The results of the here presented experiments are discussed in relation with the storage of millet in the Sahelian zone. Zusammenfassung Laboruntersuchungenüber die Entwicklung von Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Col. Tenebrionidae) auf Hirse bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und relativen Feuchtigkeiten T. castaneum‐Larven wurden auf Hirsegetreide bei 10, 30 und 70 % r.F. sowie 25, 28, 35 und 38 °C aufgezogen. Die schnellste Entwicklung erfolgte bei 35–38 °C und 70 % r.F. und war ähnlich den Entwicklungsperioden, die bei Weizenfutter als Nahrungsmittel beobachtet wurden. Die höchste Temperatur, bei der vollständige Entwicklung erfolgte, war 38 °C bei 70 % oder 30 % r.F. Ab 30 % r.F. war die Mortalität aber hoch und die Entwicklungsperioden wurden bedeutend verlängert. Bei 35 °C und 10 % r.F. erreichten keine Larven das Stadium der Adulten. Bei geringer r.F. und in noch höherem Maße bei hoher Temperatur war eine Abnahme des Gewichts der Puppen zu beobachten. Bei 28 °C verringerte eine geringe r.F. die Lebensdauer der Adulten und die Zahl der Eier bedeutend. Aus dem Ei geschlüpfte Larven waren imstande auf sichtbar unbeschädigtem Getreide zur Entwicklung zu gelangen. Bei 28 °C und 10 % r.F. verursachte eine Larve einen durchschnittlichen Trockengewichtsverlust des Getreides von 12,3 mg; bei 70 % r.F. betrug dieser Verlust 7,9 mg. Besonders die Getreidekeime wurden von den Larven befallen. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Lagerung von Hirse in der Sahelzone diskutiert.
S U M M A R YThe auxin-transport-inhibiting morphactin chlorflurenolmethylester (CFM; Methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate) breaks the dormancy of axillary buds in young coffee plants and produces orthotropic shoots. A concentration of CFM as low as 50 mg/litre induced an average of 24 orthotropic shoots per 6-month-old seedling. This approach could provide a fast and inexpensive method of vegetative propagation for raising disease-resistant cultivars if adult clones respond similarly to the seedlings used here and the treatment does not adversely affect the propagation of induced shoots.The hybrid nature of new cultivars of Coffee arabica L. resistant to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack) and coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix Berk and br.) requires vegetative propagation to maintain the desirable characteristics of the original selections and to establish uniform plantations (Van der Vossen et al., 1977).Only orthotropic (upright-growing) shoots can be used in propagating coffee by cuttings or grafting, but orthotropic shoots can produce both ortho-and plagiotropic (horizontal-growing) branches; cuttings or grafts taken from the latter, however, cannot produce orthotropic branches and do not show normal vertical growth. Grafting nevertheless offers the advantage that existing coffee plantations can be converted to the new disease-resistant clonal material without the need for replanting (Van der Vossen et al.).Each leaf-axil on orthotropic shoots of coffee has a single extra-axillary 'head of series' bud, which can form a plagiotropic shoot. There are also four to six axillary buds, which can usually produce orthotropic shoots or, occasionally, an inflorescence, but are inhibited from doing so by apical dominance (Meyer, 1939;Moens, 1963;Wormer and Gituanja, 1970). Removal of the auxin-producing apex of an orthotropic shoot breaks apical dominance to the extent that only the topmost node now produces two (orthotropic) branches, one on each side. The apices of these newly-formed orthotropic shoots become dominant in turn, inhibiting buds on their lower nodes (Fig. 1), which explains why young coffee plants have very few upright shoots and can only be increased very slowly by vegetative multiplication.It currently takes many years for a single selected plant to be propagated
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