Essential oils are widely used as botanical insecticides rather than chemically synthesized pesticides which led to catastrophic effects on humans, the environment, and eutrophication. Here, encapsulation of four essential oils Basilicum ocimum, Cuminum cyminum, Origanum marjorana, and Matricaria chamomilla were utilized in the presence of 3% v/v ethanol, as anti-insect against Aphis craccivora and compared to traditional insecticides dinotefuran and pymetrozine. Different tools were used to characterize the prepared nanoemulsion such as TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential analyzer. Besides, selected B. ocimum and C. cyminum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass GC/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that nanoemulsion exhibited considerable toxic activities against laboratory and field strains of cowpea aphid. In the toxicity bioassay test of essential oils, moderate mortality was observed at 10,000 mg/L against aphid with lethal concentration that kills 50% of insects (LC50) values of basil 992 mg/L and marjoram 3162 mg/L. Else, nanoemulsion provided the highest mortality rate at 625 mg/L and the LC50 values of basil nanoemulsion (NE) 45 mg/L, and marjoram NE 188 mg/L in laboratory strains. The systemic effects of the tested substances acetylcholine esterase, alkaline phosphatase, β-esterases, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzymes on insects were found to be significantly decreased and increased when compared with control groups. Overall, these results highlight that the nanoemulsion is potential tools to control cowpea aphid and could be useful in developing integrated insect management in faba bean fields.

The present experiments were carried out at the experimental farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate during two successive seasons; 2011/12 and 2012/13 to study the susceptibility of some varieties on the main insect pests attacking faba bean plants.The highest average number of Aphis craccivora (Koch.) was recorded on Sakha 4 variety which had the highest of total Carbohydrate (51.58%) and the lowest of total Phenole (0.528%) with an average number of 287.14±80.53 and 171.56±35.63 indiv./20 plants followed by Sakha 2 variety (233.00±91.53 and 134.67±39.50 indiv./20 plants) during the two successive seasons, 2011/12 and 2012/13, respectively.The highest average number of Empoasca spp. was recorded on Giza 3 variety which had high crude Protein (18.91%) with an average number of 70.00±8.71 and 116.92±18.73 indiv./ 100 leaflets followed by Sakha 4 in the first season (63.42±15.47 indiv./ 100 leaflets) and Giza 843 variety in the second one (110.92±15.78 indiv./ 100 leaflets).The highest average number of Nezara viridula L. was recorded on Sakha4 in the first season (total Carbohydrate, 51.58%) and Giza 3 in the second one (crude Protein, 18.91%) with an average number of 4.57±1.44 and 7.00±0.47 indiv./20 plants during the two seasons, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed insignificant differences among faba bean varieties during the two seasons of study.The highest average number of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was recorded on Giza3 variety which had high C. protein (18.91%) and low Silica (1.54%) with average number of 157.6±3.4 and 201.5±64.65 larvae/ 100 leaflets followed by Sakha 3 and Sakha 1 variety (156.00±5.5 and 198.6±51.14 larvae/ 100 leaflets) during the successive seasons, respectively.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among faba bean varieties and the average number of A. craccivora, Empoasca spp. and L. trifolii during the two seasons of study.The results showed insignificantly or significantly positive relationship among varieties contents from C. protein, T. lipids and T. phenole with Empoasca spp., N. viridula and L. trifolii while was negative relationship with T. carbohydrate and silica. In contrary, the results showed that significantly positive relationship among varieties contents from T. carbohydrate and silica with A. craccivora while was significantly negative relationship with C. protein, T. lipids and T. phenole.

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The seasonal abundance of Enneadesmus obtusedentatus Lesne (Col.: Bostrichidae) was studied on fig trees near Alexandria during 3 years, 1987, 1988 and 1989. Beetles started to emerge from late February/early March until late November/early December. About three broods per year were recorded. Infestation increased by almost three times throughout 2 years. Beetle emergence was positively related to temperature and negatively to relative humidity.