Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento das plantas daninhas infestantes na pré-colheita da cultura de girassol em lavouras dos municípios do sudoeste goiano (Chapadão do Céu, Jataí e Montividiu) e em Chapadão do Sul, MS. Foram amostradas, no período de maio a junho de 2002, 51 propriedades dos quatro municí-pios, totalizando uma área de 583 m 2 . As espécies daninhas foram identificadas e contadas mediante a aplicação de um quadrado de 1,0x1,0 m, colocado ao acaso dentro da área ocupada pelas lavouras. Foram obtidos os valores de freqüência, densidade, abundância e índi-ce de importância relativa. Plantas voluntárias de soja e de milho fazem parte da flora daninha infestante de lavouras de girassol dessa região. As famílias Poaceae, Asteraceae e Euphorbiaceae são as que apresentam maior número de espécies. As principais plantas daninhas infestantes na região são, em ordem decrescente, Ageratum conyzoides, Chamaesyce hirta, Cenchrus echinatus, Bidens sp., Euphorbia heterophylla e Commelina benghalensis. Termos para indexação: Helianthus annuus, plantas voluntárias, Glycine max, Zea mays, germinação na pré-colheita. Phytosociological census of weeds in the sunflower cropAbstract -The objective of this work was to survey the weeds in the preharvest of the sunflower crop in growers field of the southwest regions of Goiás State (Chapadão do Céu, Jataí and Montividiu) and Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Fifty one farms were evaluated, during the period of May to June, 2002, in a total of 583 m 2 of area. The weeds were identified and counted inside a square (1.0x1.0 m), applied in each area, in order to determine the frequency, density, abundance and relative importance. Volunteer soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) are part of the weed species in sunflower crop in the area. The botanical families Poaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae present larger number of species. The main weeds found in the area are, in decreasing order, Ageratum conyzoides, Chamaesyce hirta, Cenchrus echinatus, Bidens sp., Euphorbia heterophylla and Commelina benghalensis.
RESUMO -O levantamento fitossociológico da comunidade de plantas daninhas na cultura do girassol foi realizado em duas épocas distintas: no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura (entre 20 e 40 dias após a semeadura) e na pré-colheita do girassol. As espécies de plantas daninhas foram identificadas e quantificadas pelo método do quadrado inventário (1,0 x 1,0 m), com amostragem de 12 m 2 por área. Os levantamentos foram realizados em 54 propriedades de seis municípios da região do cerrado e em 38 propriedades de oito municípios da região dos pampas, que são as duas principais regiões produtoras brasileiras. , para o Rio Grande do Sul. O índice de similaridade dentro das regiões foi de 0,91 para os levantamentos do cerrado e de 0,79 para os do Rio Grande do Sul. Entretanto, entre as regiões, os índices ficaram abaixo de 0,5, mostrando similaridade mediana entre a flora daninha do cerrado e a do Rio Grande do Sul, na cultura do girassol, nas duas épocas estudadas.Palavras-chave: competição, fitossociologia, Helianthus annuus, infestação.ABSTRACT -A phytosociological survey of the weed communities present in sunflower crop was carried out during two distinct crop stages: early development and pre-harvest. Weed species were identified and quantified according to the inventory square method (1.0 x 1.0 m), using 12 m 2 of sampling per area surveyed. At each stage, the survey was carried out on 54 farms of six counties of the "cerrado" (savanna region, Central Brazil) and 38 farms of eight counties of the "Pampas" (region in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, the Southernmost state in Brazil), which are the two main Brazilian sunflower production regions. Frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, relative abundance, relative importance index, and similarity index were computed. A total of 60 weed species were identified, 17 of which were present in both regions. Asteraceae and Poaceae were the two main families among the 16 found. The main species present in the "cerrado" were Euphorbia heterophylla, Chamaesyce hirta, Ageratum conyzoides, Commelina benghalensis, Zea mays and Bidens sp. The most abundant species present in the State of Rio Grande do Sul were Bidens sp., Raphanus raphanistrum, Lolium multiflorum, Gnaphalium spicatum, Sonchus oleraceus, Euphorbia heterophylla, Sida rhombifolia, Digitaria sp. and Ipomea sp. Weed density was higher at pre-harvest than at the early stage of the crop, in both
RESUMO1 Recebido para publicação em 08/06/98 e na forma revisada em 03/09/98. 2 Eng Agr Pesquisador, Embrapa Soja. C.P. 231, CEP 86001-970, Londrina/PR. 3 Estagiário Embrapa Soja, Universidade Estadual de Maringá. C.P. 231, CEP 86001-970, Londrina/PR. 4 Prof. do Dept de Horticultura, ESALQ/USP. C.P. 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba/SP. 5 Eng Agr do Emater. C.P. 763, CEP 86001-970, Londrina/PR. Uma das práticas agrícolas mais eficientes para o controle de plantas daninhas na agricultura é o uso de herbicidas seletivos. Todavia, a aplicação de um mesmo herbicida, ou de herbicidas com o mesmo mecanismo de ação, durante anos consecutivos, na mesma área, pode resultar na seleção de biótipos de plantas daninhas resistentes a esses herbicidas. Com o objetivo de confirmar a resistência de um biótipo (E-298) da planta daninha amendoim-bravo (Euphorbia heterophylla) aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS, encontrado em área de cultivo de soja, no município de Cafelândia, PR, foi conduzido um experimento em área pertencente à Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR. As plantas provenientes da população com suspeita de resistência foram tratadas com diversos herbicidas e doses, e comparadas com plantas de uma população suscetível de amendoim-bravo. Os tratamentos foram estabelecidos considerando as doses recomendadas dos herbicidas, metade delas e, duas, quatro e oito vezes superiores a recomendada. O biótipo resistente apresentou diferentes níveis de resistência cruzada entre os herbicidas cloransulan, imazethapyr e o imazaquin, e as relações médias de GR50 obtidas foram > 6,85; 11,90 e > 7,18, respectivamente. As curvas de dose-resposta do biótipo resistente apresentaram valores inferiores ao biótipo suscetível, em todas as doses estudadas para os herbicidas cloransulan, imazethapyr e imazaquin. Para os herbicidas sulfentrazone e lactofen, que apresentam mecanismo de ação diferente da inibição da enzima ALS, ocorreu alto índice de controle de ambos os biótipos de amendoim-bravo avaliados, principalmente, nas maiores doses, provando a não existência de resistência múltipla nesse biótipo de amendoim-bravo estudado.Palavras chave: resistência cruzada, resistência múltipla, planta daninha, Euphorbia heterophylla. ABSTRACT Resistance of the weed wild poinsettia to ALS inhibitor herbicidesOne of the most efficient methods of weed control in agriculture is the use of selective herbicides. However, repetitive use of the same herbicide or herbicides having the same mechanism of action, has led to the appearance of weed biotypes which have developed resistance.
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-tolerant weeds cause considerable yield losses and represent a growing threat to soybean production systems. Despite the relevance of this topic, few studies have evaluated the dispersal of these species in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dispersal and frequency of known GR and glyphosate-tolerant weeds in soybean-producing microregions. A total of 2,481 interviews were conducted in different regions of Brazil. The interviews were stratified among 20 edaphoclimatic microregions (ECRs) to cover all of the country’s soybean-producing regions. A minimum number of interviews was estimated to generate a margin of error of ≤10% within the ECRs and ≤5% in the country. The values of the farmers’ responses were extrapolated to the total soybean production area of each ECR and the country as a whole, and the absolute values of each response were normalized as percentage values. The dispersal and management data demonstrate a loss of efficiency of glyphosate-resistance technology. Species that are naturally tolerant to glyphosate such as goosegrass, Commelina spp., and Ipomoea spp. had a greater presence in the ECRs, as did the resistant biotypes, particularly Conyza spp. and sourgrass, due to the large area cultivated with GR soybean, where glyphosate has been used with high frequency.
BACKGROUND Bidens subalternans (greater beggarticks) is a tetraploid and troublesome weed infesting annual crops in most tropical regions of the world. A glyphosate‐resistant (GR) B. subalternans biotype was detected in a soybean field from Paraguay. A series of physiological and molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate its resistance mechanisms. RESULTS The GR biotype had a high level of resistance (> 15‐fold LD50), relative to a glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) biotype. Shikimate accumulation was up to ten‐fold greater for GS compared with GR. We found no differences in sensitivity when plants were treated and kept under lower (10/4 °C) or higher temperatures (25/20 °C). GS and GR had the same relative EPSPS gene copy number, and similar glyphosate absorption and translocation rates. Neither biotype metabolized glyphosate. A double amino acid substitution (TIPT – Thr102Ile and Pro106Thr) was found in only one EPSPS allele from one of the two EPSPS homoeologs present in tetraploid GR B. subalternans. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a TIPT double mutation conferring high levels of glyphosate resistance in a weed species. The presence of both wild‐type and TIPT mutant EPSPS on the polyploid genome of GR B. subalternans may offset a potential fitness cost, requiring additional research to confirm the absence of deleterious effects. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
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