Introduction: To determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of common pathogens in pus samples from different wounds. Material and Methods: A total of 110 positive pus samples were selected for the study. These samples were received in the Microbiology laboratory of Arif Memorial Teaching Hospital, Lahore, from July to December 2017. These samples were processed and identified by standard protocols of aerobic culture and sensitivity. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done according to CLSI guidelines. Result: Among the total 110 positive cases, 70 (64%$ were male and 40 (36%$ were females admitted in different departments of the hospital during the study time. Nine different organisms were isolated. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Citrobacter, Proteus and Enterococcus contributes were less common. The sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus was highest with Vancomycin and Gentamycin, whereas Pseudomonas and Enterbacteriaceae were sensitive with Imepenem. Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance always pose challenge for clinicians in treating pyogenic infection. The development of resistant strains of pathogens can be limited by the judicious use of antibiotics. Proper knowledge of antibiotics in treating pyogenic infection leads to patient satisfaction and short hospital stay.

Background: Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of calcium levels, insulin secretion, and insulin action. Diabetes is a non-communicable condition that results in insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance in the body. The question in this case was whether or not vitamin D levels were associated with type 2 diabetes. Aim To determine if vitamin D has an effect on HbA1c levels in people with Type 2 diabetes. Methods: In tertiary care, a three-month retrospective investigation was conducted. We looked at FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, and Vitamin D. FBS was the most common. The data were analysed with the help of SPSS version 23. Results: In the study, 65 percent of the 52 patients had vitamin D deficiency, while 26 percent had insufficient vitamin D levels. HbA1c values were higher than 6.5 percent in 77 percent of patients, whereas levels were lower than 6.5 percent in 23 percent of patients. The blood sugar level HbA1c and vitamin D revealed a negative connection. Conclusion: Clearly, vitamin D levels and HbA1c levels are inversely related. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes, Vit. D,

Introduction: Nеоnаtаl ѕерѕіѕ is one of the most common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Pakistan and worldwide so the present study was aimed tо evaluate frequency and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria associated with nеоnаtаl ѕерѕіѕ in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in Lahore, Pakistan.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes substantial morbidity and death in most organs. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease. Type 2 DM is associated to osteoporosis and muscular weakness (T2DM). However, research on type 2 diabetes and its impact on BMD and handgrip strength is sparse (HGS). Methods: The research involved 130 people aged 25–60. This is the Quetelet index. HGS was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. HGS max kg and ET in seconds were recorded. A bone sonometer measured BMD at the tibia's distal end. The T-score and Z-score were used to examine the results. Results: In diabetics, BMI correlated with BMD and HGS max (P = 0.032). BMD correlated weakly with HGS max and ET. Non-diabetic men had greater HGS, whereas non-diabetic females had higher HGS and ET (P <0.002). T2DM and non-diabetics had similar BMD. Conclusion: In our study, we noticed superior muscular strength among non-diabetics and no significant difference in BMD between diabetics and non-diabetics, but incidence of osteoporosis was larger among diabetics albeit statistically not significant. Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; Bone Mineral Density; Body Mass Index; Handgrip Strength; Endurance time

Background: Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial disease that produces high blood sugar levels. Duration of study: February 2019 to April 2021 Place of study: Arif Memorial Hospital , Galwera village, Kasur road Lahore Method & Result: 50 Pakistani T2DM individuals were investigated. Insulin, insulin resistance (IR), and insulin sensitivity were the glycemic control measures (IS). Renal function tests looked at urea and creatinine. TAC and ROS were oxidative stress indicators (ROS). T2DM patients exhibited greater fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, and IR than non-T2DM controls. Pseudo-insulin sensitivity reduced in patients (p˂.01). Urea and creatinine levels climbed somewhat in T2DM patients. TAC increased in patients over controls (P˂.05). Less than 2% of T2DM patients had elevated ROS (P˂.02). TAC and fasting blood glucose exhibit a positive (P˂.02) relationship. Fasting blood glucose and IS have a substantial negative relationship (P0.01). HbA1C correlates with IR, creatinine, and TAC but not with ROS (P˂.01). HbA1C and IS had a strong (P0.01) negative relationship. Diabetes mellitus is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Significant IS, creatinine, and ROS interactions (P˂.01). IS and urea are antithetical (P˂.05). Urea and creatinine have a strong (P˂.01) connection. TAC is anti-ROS (P˂.05). Conclusion: Glycemic instability in diabetic’s More than persistent hyperglycemia, blood glucose fluctuations may cause oxidative damage. The strong positive connection between fasting blood glucose and the other investigated measures shows that hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for T2DM development. Keywords: Glycemic control, fasting blood glucose, urea, creatinine, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species.