Hydatid disease (HD) or cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a complex and neglected disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus that causes health and economic loss. The data of disease were obtained from the Center of Communicable Diseases/ Baghdad/Iraq, for the period 2013 to 2016. Global information system (GIS) was used to create the study area and cases distribution. Total recorded number of CE cases was 61 cases distributed among different genders, age groups, and sectors in Baghdad province. The results showed that the distribution of hydatid cyst infections according to year was higher in the year 2013 (36.1%) than in other years (2014, 2015, and 2016) respectively. Percent of female infection with CE was (57%), more susceptible than male (43%). It was observed that the Sadder City (31.1%) was at greater risk of hydatid cyst infections than other sectors of Baghdad. Also, the study was found that the most susceptible age group to this disease was the age between (15–45y (73.8%)) than other age groups. This study concluded a decrease in infection by cystic echinococcosis (CE) over the previous years. This indicated the increased public awareness of the disease's transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease in different locations in Baghdad city.

Apple vinegar has many uses that include burn and wound healing and as an antimicrobial agent against different microorganisms, but not as a solvent. Therefore, this study aimed to use commercial apple vinegar as solvent to the plants of  roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), green tea (Camellia sinensis), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). The effects of apple-vinegar extracts of these plants were compared with those of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against biofilm formation by Candida genus. Clove vinegar extract demonstrated antibiofilm activity against C. albicans, alone (2.4907± 0.382) or in combination with the antifungal agents fluconazole (1.689±0.33), nystatine (1.941±0.64), and clotrimazole (2.0353±0.71819). These plant extracts possessed a variable number of antimicrobial compounds, as tested by the HLPC technique. Therefore, apple vinegar was the most efficient solvent, in comparison with the other solvents used in this study, to obtain some phytochemical compounds from the tested plants that have antibiofilm activity against C. albicans.

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