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We present a multi-stage hybrid optimization approach to linear precoder design in multiuser MIMO systems and propose two efficient iterative algorithms that also incorporate robustness against channel estimation errors. The first one called hybrid diversity maximization robust (HDMR) precoding employs a dual-stage optimization process and achieves exceptional transmission performance at low complexity in various multiuser scenarios. The second algorithm known as enhanced HDM (EHDM) precoding adopts a three-stage optimization strategy and provides better performance than HDMR in certain full spatial multiplexing scenarios where multiple data streams are transmitted to each of the simultaneous users. Index Terms-MultiuserMIMO, hybrid precoding, diversity, spatial multiplexing, uplink-downlink duality. Farhan Khalid received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Topi, Pakistan, in 1999, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden, in 2005, and the Dr.-Ing. (Ph.D.) degree in electrical engineering from the University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, in 2012. Additionally, he holds a master's degree in telecommunication management awarded by the Institut National des Telecommunications, France, in 2001. He started his professional career as an engineer, working for various organizations in the telecom sector. Since 2006, he has been involved with academia and research in the domains of digital communications and signal processing. His current research interests lie in the area of wireless communications, with particular focus on transceiver design and optimization for multiuser MIMO systems. Joachim Speidel received the Dipl.-Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degrees (both summa cum laude) in electrical engineering and information technology from the

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This paper provides a comprehensive overview of critical developments in the field of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. The state of the art in single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) and multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) communications is presented, highlighting the key aspects of these technologies. Both open-loop and closed-loop SU-MIMO systems are discussed in this paper with particular emphasis on the data rate maximization aspect of MIMO. A detailed review of various MU-MIMO uplink and downlink techniques then follows, clarifying the underlying concepts and emphasizing the importance of MU-MIMO in cellular communication systems. This paper also touches upon the topic of MU-MIMO capacity as well as the promising convex optimization approaches to MIMO system design.

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