No abstract

A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Aim of the study is to investigate the effects of annual swimming season, training (TP), detraining (DTP) and retraining periods (RTP) on blood oxidative stress and physical performance levels and the relationships between these parameters in children. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th h--o od ds s: : 10 trained, mean 11.1±0.6 years old male swimmers were joined the study. Critical speed (CS) as endurance performance criteria were calculated from maximum 50 m and 400 m freestyle swimming performances (MFSP) times. Serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI; TOS/TAS ratio) and biochemical markers of over training (OT) as urea, uric acid and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured after TP, DTP and RTP subsequently every two months. TP measurement was performed 4 days after national swimming championship. Statistics significance was accepted as p<0.05. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : MFSP times, CS and height were increased significantly after every period. TAS was higher at DTP than TP (p< 0,05) unlike TOS and OSI (p<0.01). TOS was increased where uric acid decreased at RTP (p< 0.05) compared to DTP, but no change in the other biochemical markers. No significant relationship was found between CS, MFSP times and body height with TOS and OSI with in any period. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : TP and RTP increased oxidative stress while DTP recovered. The developments in swimming performances and height were not affected from oxidative stress in any period. The given 4 days of recovery after competition realized following TP was not enough for oxidative stress toleration. Therefore, pursuance of whole season health status and performance levels of children is recommended.K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Oxidative stres; training; retraining; child; swimming; sports performance; athletic performance; physical endurance Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Bu çalışmanın amacı; antrenman periodu (AP), deantrenman periyodu (DAP) ve reantrenman (RAP) periyodlarının kan oksidatif stres ve performans seviyeleri üzerine etkilerini ve bu iki parametre arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmaktır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışmaya yaş ortalamaları 11,1±0,6 yıl olan, aktif antrenman yapan erkek 10 yüzücü katılmıştır. Dayanıklılık performans kriteri olarak kritik hız (KH); maksimum 50m ve 400m serbest yüzme performanslarından (MSYP) hesaplanmıştır. Total antioksidan statüsü (TAS), total oksidan statüsü (TOS), oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI; TOS/TAS) ve üre, ürik asit, aspartat aminotransferaz (AST) gibi sürantrenmanın göstergeleri olan biyokimyasal göstergeler AP, DAP ve RAP sonrası her iki ayda bir belirtilen sıraya göre öl-çülmüştür. AP sonu kanları, sezon sonu gerçekleştirilen Türkiye Yüzme Şampiyonasından 4 gün sonrasında alınmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : MFSP zamanları, KH ve boy her periyod sonunda anlamlı olarak artmıştır. DAP'daki TAS d...

eading cause of death in developed and developing countries are cardiovascular diseases (CVD). 1 Although the clinical manifestations of CVD start in the middle age, it is reported that the atherosclerotic process starts to develop in childhood. Therefore, it is required to minimize

Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas that has vasodilatory, antioxidant and metabolic regulatory properties. Both NO and oxidative stress (OS) are risk factors for atherosclerosis (AS). These properties of NO, therefore play a critical role in training adaptations. Handball and water polo are team sports requiring aerobic and anaerobic energy. However, since they are practised in different environments, their effects on blood NO and OS levels may be different. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of these two team sports on blood NO and OS levels. Material and Methods: Male handball players (HG, n=14), water polo players (WPG, n=12) and a control group (CG, n=13) of sedentary players participated in this study. Physical and physiological measurements, including critical velocity of the participants were made. The participants' fasting serum NO and OS indicators, and total antioxidant/oxidant status (TAS/TOS) were determined. Results: TAS levels of HG and WPG were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05, p<0.01), whereas their NO levels were higher than those of CG (19.5% and 25.7% respectively, p>0.05). No significant difference was present for NO between HG and WPG. A significant negative correlation was present between CV and serum NO level, and there was a positive correlation between maximal 1500 m running time and NO for handball players. Conclusions: The findings of the study reveal that although training caused a significant decrease in antioxidant capacity in two team sports athletes, serum NO levels improved, thereby contributing to cardiovascular health. NO may harm aerobic endurance performance, but it had a beneficial effect on anaerobic power in the handball group, and none for water polo players.

A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : Open water swimming (OWS) is an endurance sport. Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator gas, therefore it is related to endurance. Physiological stress levels of OWS on children are unknown. The purposes of this study were to investigate the physiological responses to 5000 m OWS and its relation with serum NOx (nitrite plus nitrate) levels in children. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : Trained OWS athletes (9 males and 5 females; age=13.8±1.12 years) participated in the study. Serum NOx, oxidative stress index (OSI): total antioxidant status (TAS)/total oxidant stress status (TOS) ratio, muscle damage markers (MDM): serum creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, leucocyte counts and serum glucose (GLU) levels were determined before and after the OWS. Lactate (La), whole blood glucose (WGLU) analyses were done from the fingertip blood samples and heart rate (HR) was measured after every 1000 m. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : After 5000 m OWS, HR and La levels were recorded as 166 beat/min and 2.95 mM. The results indicated that MDM significantly increased (p<0.01), and OSI significantly decreased however there were no significantly changes in TAS, NOx and serum glucose (GLU) values. Basal NOx levels was only related to CK (r=-0.529, p=0.052), but not other parameters. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : 5000 m OWS exercise induced a moderate physiological stress without any oxidative stress, hypoglycemia and health risk for the investigated parameters risk. Although this exercise did not increase blood NOx levels, the negative relationship between basal NOx and CK parameters may show the anti-inflammatory role of NO during OWS exercises in the children. K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : Swimming; nitric oxide; oxidative stress; stres, physiological Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Açık su yüzme (ASY) bir dayanıklılık sporudur. Nitrik Oksit (NO) damar genişletici özelliği nedeniyle, dayanıklılıkla ilişkili bir gazdır. ASY'nin çocuklar üzerindeki fizyolojik etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; çocukların 5000 m ASY egzersizine verdikleri fizyolojik cevapları ve bu cevapların serum NOx (Nitrit + nitrat) düzeyleri ile ilişkisini araştırmaktır. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çalışmaya aktif ASY sporcuları (9 erkek, 5 kız; yaş=13,8±1,12 yıl) dâhil edilmiştir. Yüzmeden önce ve sonra serum NOx, oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI): toplam antioksidant statüsü (TAS)/toplam oksidatif stres statüsü (TOS), kas hasarı göstergeleri (KHG): serum kreatinkinaz (KK), aspartat aminotransferaz (AAT) aktiviteleri ve lökosit) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Her 1000 m yüzmenin ardından kalp atımı, el parmak ucu kanından laktat ve tam kan glukoz (WGLU) seviyesi ölçülmüş-tür. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : 5000 m ASY sonunda ortalama kalp atımı (HR); 166 atım/dk, laktat düzeyi; 2,95 mM olarak bulunmuştur. KHG'nin yükseldiği (p<0,01), TAS, NOx ve serum glikoz (GLU) değerlerinin anlamlı olarak değişmediği fakat OSI'nin düştüğü (p<0,01) tespit ed...