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This study discusses Native American woman's experience of existential outsideness, which is caused by the Euro-American legislative act as represented by Louise Erdrich in her novel Tracks. This research analyzes the role of the Dawes Act of 1887 in triggering the experience of existential outsideness among the Native Americans in general and Native American women in particular. Through Edward Casey Ralph's phenomenological perspective on the notion of spatiality, the study reinterprets the representation of space and place in Louise Erdrich's Tracks. The study offers a spatial reading of a Native American woman's life to explicate how she confronts the issues related to the confiscation of her ancestral lands that trigger her experience of existential outsideness to her land. The study concludes that Euro-American policies of acculturation and assimilation thwarted spatioexistential experiences of Native American women.

The COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS CoV‐2) has spurred an unprecedented response from the scientific community to contribute timely solutions to help manage an urgent public health emergency. The RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) plays a critical function in replicating the genome of all RNA viruses and is one of the most intensively studied viral enzyme targets for the development of direct‐acting antiviral therapeutics. Comparisons of recently determined cryo‐EM structures of the SARS CoV‐2 RdRP with crystal structures of calicivirus, picornavirus and flavivirus RdRP's in complex with RNA and nucleoside analogue inhibitors suggest how differences in the sequences and structures of these RdRPs may result in differences in the activity of the enzyme as well as its sensitivity to different inhibitors. Molecular modeling, crystallographic studies and in vitro primer extension assays reveal how chimeric RdRPs bearing different sequence features from the RdRPs of SARS CoV‐2 and human norovirus GII.4 may contribute to differences in polymerase activity and the effects of nucleoside analogue inhibitors. These results suggest how some of the structural features of viral RdRPs may be productively targeted for the design of novel and more potent inhibitors to serve as lead compounds for the development of more effective antiviral therapeutics in the future.

Native American cultures are constituted upon the gendered division of labor. The economic spaces are constructed upon gender roles that allocate specific roles to Native American men and women. The subsequent socio-economic patterns allocate spatially marginalized positions to the Native American woman in comparison with men. The present study explores Native American woman's transgression of traditional economic spaces of Native Americans in Polingaysi Qoyawayma's No Turning Back. This study employs Doreen Massey's theoretical formulation of economic space to understand the protagonist's transgression of Hopi gender roles. This study maintains that the protagonist of the novel subverts conventional Hopi division of labor by adopting subversive gender roles.