Headache is one of the most common medical problems experienced by the majority of general population. In the latest version of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-III) beta in 2013, fasting headache, has been classified as a secondary headache, and a subheading of “Headache attributed to fasting”. Suggested controversial hypothesis of this medical condition include associations with hypoglycemia, sleep quality and caffeine withdrawal, although these relationships have not been confirmed yet. The principal purpose of the present study is to review the etiology and proposed preventive and treating strategies regarding fasting headache in Persian Medicine (PM) literature. This complaint is regarded as a headache associated with dryness in PM. Therefore, words related to "dryness" from PM references. Relevant keywords were also searched in modern medical literature and PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, Web of science and Sid databases. Obtained results were subsequently compared following classification. Fasting plays a causative role in increasing heat in the heart, liver, and stomach (and other organs), and also decreasing body moisture. Therefore, the effective management as proposed by PM is reducing the heat and increasing body moisture. More research is needed to provide academic evidence in this regard.

10.30699/jambs.28.129.225 Every 30 seconds, one lower limb amputation due to diabetes is performed in the world. This study was conducted on a 64-year-old woman with a diabetic foot on her left leg. The patient had pain with a visual analog scale (VAS) score of 80 mm on 100 mm. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a product derived from leeches in the treatment of DFUs. Wound grade 1 according to Wagner's classification system was covered with leech cream. A decoction of Hirudo orientalis was prepared by lyophilizing leeches at-80°C, the proteins containing biologically active substances (BAS) were extracted with normal saline, and this BSA was formulated in the form of cream. In vitro control of this pharmaceutical product was estimated according to the activity of these BSA. The leech cream was applied twice a day from the knee to the tail of the left toe for a month. The patient used no antibiotics and only received hygiene. After treatment, the patient was followed up for two months. Pain decreased significantly in terms of VAS: 40 mm after two days. At the end of the 3 rd day, the pain completely disappeared. The granulation tissue was apparent on the toes' ulcers after a week. The diameter of the wound was reduced by ~50% in three weeks. After four weeks, the ulcers were completely healed. After two months follow up there was no sign of wound recurrence. Topical leech cream enhanced the wound healing process and, therefore, may have curative effects on DFUs.

: Freckles are common pigmented lesions frequently observed on the face and other sun-exposed areas of the skin. Ephelides have an autosomal dominant inheritance, indicating that melanocyte activity and sun exposure are significant risk factors for the development of these lesions. The importance of freckles can be discussed from two perspectives of cosmetics and their complications. This research is the first step in gaining access to extensive scientific and experimental resources of Persian medicine (PM). "Barash" and "Namash" are the equivalent terms for freckles in medieval manuscripts of Persia. Therefore, words related to "Barash & Namash" from PM ancient manuscripts and other relevant keywords were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Extracted results were subsequently compared and recorded under the following classification. The clinical symptoms of freckles were similar to those of "Namash & Barash" diseases. Different therapeutic methods to treat such diseases in PM include lifestyle modification, medication, and manual intervention. There are several preventive and therapeutic methods for the management of freckles. Further research is required in this regard to identify more academic evidence.

Background: Many patients, chiefly teenagers, seek effective treatment for acne vulgaris. Besides topical treatments, antibiotics, and anti-androgens, herbal treatments have been used against it. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of an herbal combination based on Prunus domestica L., Tamarindus indica L., Terminalia chebula L., Ziziphus jujube L., and Cassia fistula L. on acne vulgaris. Methods: This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, two-arm parallel trial was conducted in patients with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris. Patients were randomized, 55 in each group, to receive either herbal syrup or placebo (10 cc every 8 hours) for 12 weeks and were followed for 4 weeks. The severity of acne and participants’ psychological status was assessed by acne severity index (ASI) and Cardiff acne disability index (CADI), respectively. Results: No significant changes were observed up to the sixth week of treatment in both groups (P ≥ 0.05). From 6 weeks to 12 weeks, the outcomes indicated a significant reduction in the mean number of comedones (P < 0.030), papules (P < 0.045), pustules (P < 0.026), nodules (P < 0.044), and ASI (P < 0.001) in the herbal syrup group compared to the placebo group. Nevertheless, this did not continue after 4 weeks of follow-up (16th week). Conclusions: The herbal syrup could be an alternative treatment in patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Indeed, more clinical trials are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety.