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No abstract

La pulverización con plaguicidas es la forma más difundida de control de plagas pero su uso es complejo, desde el punto de vista agronómico. Se realizó un ensayo a campo con el objeto de evaluar la incidencia de tres técnicas de aplicación de agroquímicos; en todas ellas se utilizó una pastilla abanico plano aire inducido, empleando distintas tasas de aplicación, velocidades de avance y distanciamientos entre pastillas quedando definidas tres técnicas: T1 (57 l ha-1, 18 km h-1 y 0,35 m), T2 (28,7 l ha-1, 18 km h-1 y 0,70 m) y T3 (57 l ha-1, 9 km h-1 y 0,70 m). Para evaluar las técnicas se colocaron tarjetas hidrosensibles sobre el suelo y en columnas verticales, determinando la calidad de aplicación, la deriva de sedimentación y la exoderiva acumulada. Las tres técnicas fueron similares en calidad de aplicación alcanzando T1 una mayor cobertura. Para el factor exoderiva, T2 alcanzó diferencias significativas con respecto a las otras dos técnicas, por lo que altas velocidades de avance y distanciamientos entre picos y bajas tasas de aplicación aumentan la exoderiva. No hubo diferencias en deriva de sedimentación. Las variables operativas inciden sobre los riesgos ambientales independientemente del tamaño de gota producido.

Despite empirical evidence that women's presence in management positions is a source of value co-creation for firms, these positions are still male-dominated. Some evidence from experimental economics suggests that one reason for this imbalance is that women shy away from competition. However, most of these studies have focused on competition systems that pit individuals against each other. We present an economic laboratory experiment that compares competition against others with competition against a set target. The crucial difference is that whereas the former involves competing against opponents, the latter does not. Our results show that significantly more women are willing to compete against a set target than against others. Furthermore, there is no reduction in men's participation and no general efficiency reduction. Our findings suggest that firms that aim at value co-creation and sustainability through a gender-neutral promotion mechanism should introduce competition against a set target and reduce competition against others. This paper contributes to dispelling stereotypes about women's reluctance to compete.

One of the most common difficulties students face in learning Thermodynamics lies in grasping the physical meaning of concepts such as lost availability and entropy generation. This explains the quest for new approaches for explaining and comprehending these quantities, as suggested by diagrams from different authors. The difficulties worsen in the case of irreversibilities associated with heat transfer processes driven by a finite temperature difference, where no work transfer takes place. An equivalent mechanical model is proposed in this paper. Heat exchangers are modelled by means of Carnot heat engines, heat pumps and mechanical transmissions; the use of mechanical models allows a thorough visualization of exergy quantities involved in heat transfer processes. The proposed model is further applied to a power cycle, thus obtaining an "equivalent arrangement" where irreversibilities become understood by means of a mechanical analogy.