DNA logic circuits are based on DNA molecular programming that implements specific algorithms using dynamic reaction networks. Particularly, DNA adder circuits are key building blocks for performing digital computation. Nevertheless, existing circuit architectures are limited by scalability for implementing multi-bit adder due to the number of required gates and strands. Here, we develop a compact-yet-efficient architecture using cooperative strand displacement reactions (cSDRs) to construct DNA full adder. By exploiting a paritycheck algorithm, double-logic XOR−AND gates are constructed with a single set of double-stranded molecule. One-bit full adder is implemented with three gates containing 13 strands, with up to 90% reduction in strand complexity compared to conventional circuit designs. Using this architecture and a transmitter on magnetic beads, we demonstrate DNA implementation of 6-bit adder on a scale comparable to that of a classic electronic full adder chip, providing the potential for application-specific circuit customization for scalable digital computing with minimal reactions.

Long-range electrostatic interactions beyond biomolecular interaction interfaces have not been extensively studied due to the limitation in engineering electric double layers in physiological fluids.H ere we find that long-range electrostatic interactions play an essential role in kinetic modulation of DNAh ybridizations.P rotein and gold nanoparticles with different charges are encapsulated in tetrahedral frameworks to exert diverse electrostatic effects on sitespecifically tethered single DNAs trands.U sing this strategy, we have successfully modulated the hybridization kinetics in both bulk solution and single molecule level. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that long-range Coulomb interactions are the key factor for hybridization rates.T his work validates the important role of long-range electrostatic forces in nucleic acid-biomacromolecule complexes,whichmay encourage new strategies of gene regulation, antisense therapy, and nucleic acid detection.

DNA has attracted increasing interest as an appealing medium for information storage. However, target-specific rewriting of the digital data stored in intracellular DNA remains a grand challenge because the highly repetitive nature and uneven guanine-cytosine content render the encoded DNA sequences poorly compatible with endogenous ones. In this study, a dual-plasmid system based on gene editing tools was introduced into Escherichia coli to process information accurately. Digital data containing large repeat units in binary codes, such as text, codebook, or image, were involved in the realization of target-specific rewriting in vivo, yielding up to 94% rewriting reliability. An optical reporter was introduced as an advanced tool for presenting data processing at the molecular level. Rewritten information was stored stably and amplified over hundreds of generations. Our work demonstrates a digital-to-biological information processing approach for highly efficient data storage, amplification, and rewriting, thus robustly promoting the application of DNA-based information technology.

Biosensor is a device that responds to a particular target in a selective way by incorporation of biological recognition as sensing unit. For practical biomedical applications, a digital output (a qualitative YES/NO answer) is highly demanded for certain end‐user or point‐of‐care applications. Boolean logic, which can be applied to any type of information expressed as 0 (NO) and 1 (YES), is widely employed to achieve such qualitative analysis. Over the past decade, owing to DNA's advantages of stability, accessibility, and manipulability, significant research efforts have been focused on the design and application of DNA logic gates (DLG)‐based biosensors capable of implementing logic‐gated biomedical functions. This review summarizes the existed representative examples and the advanced developments of DLG biosensors, and discusses the limitations and the future directions on the development of novel nanosensors based on DNA logic operations for realizing highly efficient diagnosis.