ABSTRACT. Salt stress affects crop growth and productivity. In this study, we determined the growth, yield of photosystem II (PSII), and K + and Na + concentration in root, stem, old leaves, and young leaves of two Mexican varieties of rice, Tres Ríos and Cotaxtla. In addition, the K + /Na + ratio in stem and root of both varieties was determined. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber under controlled conditions, under a completely randomized distribution, with a 2 x 2 (Variety x Salinity) factorial arrangement and 12 replications. Plants were grown in a hydroponic solution for 15 days and then some of them were treated with 100 mM NaCl; control plants (without NaCI treatment) were grown in parallel. Salt stress caused 20 and 15% reductions in stem and root length, respectively, in the variety Tres Ríos, while in the variety Cotaxtla no significant differences were observed in these variables compared to the control. Dry matter weight decreased by 24% in the variety Tres Ríos. The quantum yield of PSII decreased by 30% the third day of treatment application, in both varieties. Na + concentration was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in NaCI-treated plants. In the variety Tres Ríos, the yield of PSII was completely eradicated six days after treatment implementation, while the K+ concentration in stem and older leaves also decreased and the lowest K + / Na + ratio in stem was recorded, which could indicate that it is more susceptible to salinity than the variety Cotaxtla.
El presente ensayo analiza el desafío mundial de la inseguridad alimentaria de aquí al año 2050, particularmente ante una población mundialmente urbanizada que se estima rebase los 9.1 mil millones de habitantes, en un contexto de cambio climático y alta competencia por recursos como agua y suelo. Se discuten algunas propuestas que podrían permitir afrontar la situación futura de inseguridad alimentaria y generar una cultura de consumo y nutrición saludable y sustentable. Se propone que la agricultura ecointensiva de alta tecnología puede ser una opción para superar las necesidades alimentarias basada en un manejo sustentable de alta tecnología (computadoras, sensores remotos, drones y manejo cibernético), donde prácticas agrícolas convencionales, agroecológicas y biotecnológicas podrían convivir en una relación armoniosa con fines de producir más y mejores alimentos con menor impacto ambiental. Se concluye que lograr la seguridad alimentaria al año 2050 debe ser un asunto de seguridad nacional, y para ello se requiere tener claro este reto y fomentar procesos de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico e innovación sobre seguridad alimentaria con un verdadero compromiso y visión de gran alcance.
Objective: To identify the most relevant aspects of global scientific research on biocharin terms of number of articles published, main authors and publishing countries, citation,subjects of scientific journals, funding institutions and general trends.Design/Methodology/Approach: A bibliometric study was carried out in the Scopusdatabase. The word "biochar" was used in the search engine. The search was limited to articles and reviews published from 2009 to March 2020. The VOS viewer software was used to identify the main thematic axes and to glimpse the knowledge gaps that exist to date.Results: A total of 11,444 documents were identified. The trend of work on biochar is onthe rise. China and the United States are the countries with the most publications onbiochar. Jefferson Lehman and Stephen Josephs are the most cited authors on thesubject. Global research on biochar focuses on the mitigating effect of climate changeand the properties that this material has to improve the physicochemical properties ofthe soil. Research on biochar in Mexico is scarce. Study Limitations/Implications: Biochar is a new technology that is not fullyunderstood.Findings/Conclusions: Interest in biochar as a multifaceted solution to agricultural andenvironmental problems is growing at a rapid rate both domestically and internationally.
El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar las interrelaciones entre el Modelo de Turismo Rural Comunitario (TRC) del Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo de Perú y el marco de bienes de capital rural, a partir de la capacidad de las comunidades para generar estrategias de desarrollo territorial. Se estudiaron nueve comunidades rurales que han desarrollado el modelo de TRC con éxito en tres regiones turísticas del sur del Perú: Cusco, Puno y Arequipa. Se aplicaron 45 entrevistas a personas dedicadas a labores de agricultura, artesanía, alojamiento, guías turísticos, gastronomía y promotores de difusión; así como a dueños de emprendimientos y autoridades municipales. Los resultados indican que cuatro comunidades han logrado generar las estrategias turísticas del modelo, dos comunidades han perdido la visión del tejido social y la cadena de valor de TRC, dos comunidades más tienen dificultad con la accesibilidad al lugar y falta de promoción turística; y una última comunidad comienza a desarrollar el TRC. Se concluye que la actividad socioeconómica del capital rural del modelo TRC permite el desarrollo local y el bienestar de las familias rurales en el Perú.
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