Introduction: Corona disease-19 virus (COVID-19) spread and caused a pandemic that affected people all over the world. COVID-19 is also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV). Discussion: COVID-19 is a β-coronavirus serotype which is a single strain of RNA virus and was an outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV) and 2012 (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has Open Reading Frames (ORFs) consisting of Spikes (S), Envelopes (E), Membranes (M), and Nucleocapsids (N) with S parts being a glycoprotein that can attach to receptors owned by host cells, the receptors are CD 26, ACE-2, Ezrin, and Cyclophilins with the main receptor being ACE-2 in the lung organs. Process would evoke a host body's immune response consisting of natural and adaptive immune systems, involving the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) system which consists of two, namely: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II. APC could also generate adaptive immune system, consists of B and T cells. COVID-19 had the ability to survive in B and T cells, so that cytokine-chemokine secretion continues to be known as cytokine storm that trigger Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death. Conclusion: The recovery prognosis of COVID-19 depended on the detection of COVID-19 patients because it was related to the severity of ARDS, so the earlier it was detected, the greater the chance of recovery.

Background. More and more today, forensic identification through deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) examination has achieved greater recognition in supporting Indonesia’s law enforcement. Such examination is to determine the origin of a child, paternity cases, genealogical relation, or identifying unknown crime victims. However, along with the development of this DNA material examination, problems arise. DNA undergoes a degradation, commonly known as degraded DNA, which is one of the serious issues frequently encountered by forensic and DNA experts. Some forensic DNA experts take one of the alternatives to overcome this issue by implementing a mini primer set that is through a method to reduce the size of STR assays on DNA core locus examination. Methods. In this study, the writers conduct research using the mini primers of CSF1PO, FGA, and D21S11 of the molar teeth exposed to 500°C temperature for 20 and 30 minutes and 750°C for the same amount of time.Result. The findings show the DNA contents of molar teeth significantly ( p < 0.05 ) decreased as the effect of high-temperature exposure. PCR result visualization shows CSF1PO is the only locus detected with mini primer exposed to 750°C temperature for 30 minutes (the highest exposure during this research). Conclusions. This finding suggests that this locus is potential in examining identification through DNA analysis, especially on a degraded condition as the effect of high-temperature exposure. Besides, this could accelerate the identification process especially on mass disaster events or criminal cases.

Background: Down Syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder responsible for mental and development retardation. DS occurs when a person has an extra chromosome (47 instead of 46), the third copy of the Trisomy 21 chromosome. This causes structural and functional anomalies in the human body and some degree of intellectual disability. Children with DS have poor oral hygiene as they are unable to understand and are unaware of its importance. Oral hygiene problems commonly found in children with DS are gingivitis, periodontal problems, pain, infection, and problems with the masticatory system. This study explored the relationship between parents' knowledge and maintenance of the oral hygiene of children with DS through the OHI-S (Oral Hygiene Index Simplified) Index Score. Method: This study was conducted by distributing 25 questions via Google Form to 100 subjects that belong to POTADS (Down Syndrome Parents Association. The participants were children diagnosed with Down Syndrome and their parents. Questionnaires were used to assess parents' knowledge about their child's oral hygiene. To assess the children’s oral hygiene, dental exams were performed with the OHI-S on six tooth surfaces. To calculate the OHI-S score for each individual, the debris and calculus scores from the 6 surfaces of the teeth were totalled and divided by six. Results: The relationship between parents' knowledge and the maintenance of oral hygiene of children with DS was found by conducting a linear regression analysis and hypothetical test. The equation of Y = 77.734 + (-7.377) X was achieved through linear regression analysis, and indicated that a 1% increase in parents' knowledge caused a reduction in OHI-S score to 7.377. The hypothetical test showed that parents' knowledge affected their children's OHI-S score significantly. Conclusion: There was a significant contradictive relationship between parents' knowledge and the maintenance of oral hygiene of children with DS.

The use of organophosphates (pesticides and other compounds to eradicate pests), currently, to increase the fulfillment of the population's consumption needs has a double-edged sword effect, on the one hand it can increase the need for food to be consumed by the population. The negative effect that can arise is the safety of organophosphate drugs which can contaminate the soil and water sources around the place where organophosphate drugs are used. The negative effects of organophosphates are associated with the effects of xenobiotics on humans who consume them. Xenobiotics are associated with toxicdynamic effects where organophosphates cause irreversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACh). ACh is one of the main enzymes in the nervous system that terminates impulse conduction through the hydrolysis process of acetylcholine enzymes. Acetylcholinesterase is a specific molecular target of organophosphate pesticides. The inhibition of the Ach enzyme causes the inhibition of the acetylcholine enzyme which is normally always hydrolyzed by the Ach enzyme and is a specific biological marker of pesticide poisoning. Inhibition of ACh will cause the accumulation of the enzyme acetylcholine, resulting in negative effects of organophosphate poisoning which can lead to death. In this paper, the authors collect from various sources related to the study of molecular toxicology toxidynamic effects of drug safety and organophosphate poisoning. The results of this review article show that organophosphate poisoning is associated with irreversible inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme which results in death in the individual concerned.

Introduction:Identification through DNA analysis is an accurate diagnostic tool. DNA analysis is via Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP). Up to date, blood spots/blood, sperm spots, vaginal swabs, buccal swabs and bones are specimens that are widely used in the field of forensics for DNA analysis. At the crime scene, the perpetrator's skin may accidentally be in contact with surrounding objects thereby transferring trace evidence to the objects. Method and Materials:Laboratory observation to demonstrate identification through DNA isolation from the objects that are touched (touch DNA), using the STR CODIS locus, with a momentary research design. DNA was isolated from buccal swabs and swab properties (watches and mobile phones) from volunteers who have signed the consent form. A total of ten samples were used in this study.