No abstract

This study aims to develop valid and reliable chemical literacy assessment instruments based on PISA 2015. The development procedures carried out were 1) research and information collecting, 2) planning, 3) development preliminary form of product, 4) preliminary field testing, and 5) main product revision. Instrument of development result was validated (content validity and empirical validity). Content validity assessment data was obtained from the validity test results from two chemistry lecturers. Empirical validity test data were acquired from 68 grade XI students as test subjects who came from five high schools in Malang. An empirical validity test was used to obtain the level of validity, reliability, discrimination index, difficulty level, and effectiveness of distractors of the items developed in the instrument. The instrument of development results consisted of 20 multiple choice items and 4 attitude questionnaires. The results of the content validity test indicated a valid instrument (the average score for the aspects of substance, construction, and language was 83.9). The results of the empirical validity test showed that multiple-choice items had a correlation value of 0.37-0.77, categorised as valid, and the reliability value was 0.86, classified as highly reliable. The discrimination index obtained was five items ranked as sufficiently good and 15 items categorised as good, while five items classified as easy item, 14 moderate items, and one difficult item, all distractors were functioning. The empirical validity test results in the form of an attitude questionnaire showed a correlation value of 0.65-0.69, so they were valid, and the reliability value was 0.59, classified as quite high criteria.Instrument development results proved to be valid and reliable, so it is feasible to be used to measure students' chemical literacy skills.

Pendahuluan: Antibodi reseptor asetilkolin (anti-AChR) merupakan antibodi utama dalam patogenesis penyakit miastenia gravis (MG). Pemeriksaan antibodi ini merupakan salah satu pemeriksaan penting dalam menegakkan diagnosa. Gambaran klinis MG dapat terbagi menjadi MG okular, MG generalisata dan MG bulbar. Tiap individu dapat memiliki derajat keparahan yang berbeda yang dinilai berdasarkan MG composite score (MG-cs). Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan kadar anti-AChR dengan derajat keparahan penyakit MG berdasarkan MG-cs di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang melibatkan pasien MG di RSCM pada bulan Januari 2017- November 2017. Kriteria inklusi subjek ialah pasien yang telah didiagnosa MG berusia 18-75 tahun. Pemeriksaan kadar anti-AChR dengan metode ELISA. Penilaian MG-cs dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengambilan sampel darah. Hasil: Didapatkan 72 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi. Rerata usia subjek adalah 43 tahun (SD 12,56) dengan jenis kelamin perempuan lebih banyak (2,5:1). Gejala okular merupakan gejala terbanyak saat awitan (79,2%) dan early onset MG lebih banyak ditemukan (77,8%). Sebanyak 59,7% subjek memiliki seropositif anti-AChR. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna seropositifitas anti-AChR pada kelompok berdasarkan jenis kelamin, usia awitan, tipe MG, dan pemberian terapi imunosupresan. Tidak didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara kadar anti-AChR dengan MG-cs (p=0,727). Diskusi: Kadar anti-AChR tidak berhubungan dengan derajat keparahan penyakit MG. Kata kunci: Antibodi reseptor asetilkolin, derajat keparahan MG, MG-cs