Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide problem. In Chad, statistical data are scarce. The reason why this study was undertaken from June 2014 to December 2016, to identify the main Enterobacteriaceae responsible for urinary tract infections and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Germs were isolated and identified by standard microbiology methods and tested with antibiotics according to Kirby-Bauer technique. Data collected was analyzed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version18.0. Out of the 503 urine samples analyzed, 93 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated (18.5%) of which 60 (64.5%) were Escherichia coli, 23 (24.73%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 10 (10.75%) were other Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial resistances to the following were observed: amoxicilline (96.66%-100%), cefoxitine (13.33%-30.4%), cefotaxime (33.3%-56.52%), gentamycine (28.33%-39.13%), and nalidixic acid (31.66%-43.47%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65%-95.65%) and fosfomycine (8.33%-13.04%). The present study identified two bacteria associated with urinary tract infections and their resistances to antibiotics commonly used in Chad. It is important to rationalize the use of antibiotics that have good antibacterial activity. Diversified studies in human and veterinary medicine are needed to better control the emergence of new resistance in N'Djamena.

Background. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chad has had 7,417 confirmed cases and 193 deaths, one of the lowest in Africa. Objective. This study assessed SARS-CoV-2 immunity in N’Djamena. Methods. In August-October 2021, eleven N’Djamena hospitals collected outpatient data and samples. IgG antibodies against SARSCoV- 2 nucleocapsid protein were identified using ELISA. “Bambino Gesù” Laboratory, Rome, Italy, performed external quality control with chemiluminescence assay. Results. 25-34-year-old (35.2%) made up the largest age group at 31.9 12.6 years. 56.4% were women, 1.3 women/men. The 7th district had 22.5% and the 1st 22.3%. Housewives and students dominated. Overall seroprevalence was 69.5% (95% CI: 67.7-71.3), females 68.2% (65.8-70.5) and males 71.2% (68.6-73.8). >44-year-old had 73.9% seroprevalence. Under-15s were 57.4% positive. Housewives (70.9%), civil servants (71.5%), and health workers (9.7%) had the highest antibody positivity. N’Djamena’s 9th district had 73.1% optimism and the 3rd district had 52.5%. Seroprevalences were highest at Good Samaritan Hospital (75.4%) and National General Referral Hospital (74.7%). Conclusion. Our findings indicate a high circulation of SARSCoV- 2 in N’Djamena, despite low mortality and morbidity after the first two COVID-19 pandemic waves. This high seroprevalence must be considered in Chad’s vaccine policy.

Only a minority of the patients with acute febrile jaundice evaluated through the Yellow Fever surveillance program were found positive for antibodies against Yellow Fever Virus (YFV). In order to characterize patients with acute febrile jaundice negative for YFV, we collected 255 sera between January to December 2019. We screened for HBV antigens, and antibodies against HCV and HEV. The seroprevalences observed were 10.6% (27/255) for HBV, 2% (5/255) for HCV, 17.3% (44/255) for HEV IgG, 4.3% (11/255) for HEV IgM, and 12.5% (32/255) for both IgG and IgM HEV. Prevalence of HEV was significantly higher in females than males (p < 0.01). HEV IgG prevalence was highest in those 20–29 years old, but the highest incidence rate (IgM positive) was in children 0–9 years old. Exposure to HEV was higher in the Sahelian zone (55.8%, 95% CI: 40.97–70.66) than in the Sudanese zone (30.2%, 95% CI: 24.01–36.37, p = 0.003). The high prevalence rates and hepatitis virus diversity underline the challenge of routine clinical diagnosis in Chad’s Yellow Fever surveillance program.

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