Human serum retinol and livestock milk retinol levels were assessed as part of a study on the health status of Chadian nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in close partnership between Chadian public health and livestock institutions. Of the examined women (n = 99), 43% were moderately retinol-deficient (0.35 mol/L < x < 0.7 mol/L 95% CI; 33-54%), and 17% severely retinol-deficient (< 0.35 mol/L 95% CI; 10-26%). None of the interviewed women (n = 87) reported the consumption of fruit, and only two of fresh vegetables were reported consumed in the past 24 hours. Milk is the almost exclusive source of vitamin A for these populations. Goats (n = 6) had the highest average milk retinol level (329 +/- 84 micrograms/kg [mean +/- SEM]), followed by cattle (n = 25; 247 +/- 32 micrograms/kg), and camels (n = 12; 120 +/- 18 micrograms/kg). Milk retinol levels did not differ between the rainy and dry seasons. Human serum retinol depends significantly on livestock milk retinol levels (partial slope 0.23; 95% CI: 0.008-0.47). Our study supports the use of goat and cow milk as an important source of vitamin A in pastoral nomadic settings. However, the levels still require to be complemented further by promoting green leafy vegetables, fruits, and supplements.

Over a period of 208 days a quinapyramine-resistant population was derived in vivo from a quinapyraminesusceptible clone of Trypanosoma congolense: IL 1180. While the dose of quinapyramine sulfate required to cure 501% of mice infected with the parental clone was 0.23 mg/kg of body weight, the 50%o curative dose for the resistant derivative, IL 1180/Stabilate 12, was greater than 9.6 mg/kg. This approximately 40-fold increase in resistance to quinapyramine was shown to be associated with an 8-fold increase in resistance to isometamidium, a 28-fold increase in resistance to homidium, and a 5.5-fold increase in resistance to diminazene. Cross-resistance to homidium and diminazene was also demonstrated in goats. Two clones derived from the drug-resistant derivative underwent cyclical development in Glossina morsitans centralis, producing mature infection rates of 39.6 and 23.9%. Thus, induction of resistance to quinapyramine in T. congolense IL 1180 was associated with cross-resistance to isometamidium, homidium, and diminazene and did not compromise the population's ability to undergo full cyclical development in tsetse flies.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide problem. In Chad, statistical data are scarce. The reason why this study was undertaken from June 2014 to December 2016, to identify the main Enterobacteriaceae responsible for urinary tract infections and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Germs were isolated and identified by standard microbiology methods and tested with antibiotics according to Kirby-Bauer technique. Data collected was analyzed using Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version18.0. Out of the 503 urine samples analyzed, 93 Enterobacteriaceae were isolated (18.5%) of which 60 (64.5%) were Escherichia coli, 23 (24.73%) Klebsiella pneumoniae and 10 (10.75%) were other Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial resistances to the following were observed: amoxicilline (96.66%-100%), cefoxitine (13.33%-30.4%), cefotaxime (33.3%-56.52%), gentamycine (28.33%-39.13%), and nalidixic acid (31.66%-43.47%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (65%-95.65%) and fosfomycine (8.33%-13.04%). The present study identified two bacteria associated with urinary tract infections and their resistances to antibiotics commonly used in Chad. It is important to rationalize the use of antibiotics that have good antibacterial activity. Diversified studies in human and veterinary medicine are needed to better control the emergence of new resistance in N'Djamena.

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthetic origin and produced by humans, antibiotics are from natural substances produced by fungi but also bacteria to defend against other bacteria. The first who learned to synthesize antibiotics developed at the same time the means to protect themselves. In assessing the prospects for the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria (BMR) in hospitals in Chad, samples of biological products for patients from different departments of the General Referral Hospital (HGRN) were examined for Search multi-resistant bacteria. 1,285 patients whose average age was 35.5 ± 14 years were included in this study. Isolation of bacteria was made after seeding of organic products on the following agar media: Hektoen, Mac Conkey, CLED, Chapman, Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and polyvitex. The biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria were performed using the compact PLC VITEK ® 2TM 15 to HGRN laboratory. Of the 1285 cultures analyzed, 328 (25.25%) were positive for bacterial infection. Of the 328 bacteria isolated and identified, 66 have submitted multiresistant phenotypes to different families of antibiotics for a prevalence rate of 20.12%. Of the 66 multiresistant bacteria, 44 (66.67%) strains of bacteria presented the multidrug-resistant phenotype to several families of antibiotics and 22 strains (33.33%) were only resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta lactamase extended spectrum (ESBLs) (significant difference p ≥ 0.001). This study suggests a disturbing trend in the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria in Chad and therefore should prompt appropriate corrective reactions.

Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon as old as the advent of antibiotics. Today, often of synthetic origin and produced by humans, antibiotics are from natural substances produced by fungi but also bacteria to defend against other bacteria. The first who learned to synthesize antibiotics developed at the same time the means to protect themselves. In assessing the prospects for the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria (BMR) in hospitals in Chad, samples of biological products for patients from different departments of the General Referral Hospital (HGRN) were examined for Search multi-resistant bacteria. 1,285 patients whose average age was 35.5 ± 14 years were included in this study. Isolation of bacteria was made after seeding of organic products on the following agar media: Hektoen, Mac Conkey, CLED, Chapman, Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar and polyvitex. The biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria were performed using the compact PLC VITEK ® 2TM 15 to HGRN laboratory. Of the 1285 cultures analyzed, 328 (25.25%) were positive for bacterial infection. Of the 328 bacteria isolated and identified, 66 have submitted multiresistant phenotypes to different families of antibiotics for a prevalence rate of 20.12%. Of the 66 multiresistant bacteria, 44 (66.67%) strains of bacteria presented the multidrug-resistant phenotype to several families of antibiotics and 22 strains (33.33%) were only resistant to beta-lactams by producing beta lactamase extended spectrum (ESBLs) (significant difference p ≥ 0.001). This study suggests a disturbing trend in the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria in Chad and therefore should prompt appropriate corrective reactions.