Firms in developing countries are characterized by weak technological capacities, insufficient human capital, and limited R&D. Consequently, these countries also produce fewer patents. Considering these disadvantages, companies in developing countries cannot rely on their in-house R&D efforts; they must import nonincorporated or soft technologies (license and technical-assistance agreements, and tacit knowledge transfer). In the pursuit of technological improvement, firms attempt to adopt an optimal technology acquisition strategy. This essay examines the use of in-house R&D and technology transfer in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry between 1994 and 2000 by using two econometric models. Unlike the pharmaceutical industries of other developing countries such as India and China, this study indicates that there is a low probability of complementarity between R&D and technology transfer in the Mexican pharmaceutical industry. This is a strategy that has been adopted only by some larger firms and multinationals.

This paper contributes to the field of study of skilled migration by employing a different database from the one commonly used to study labor-market placement; our database was collected through an online questionnaire answered by Mexican migrants with tertiary education living in the USA. Through analysis of a set of both objective and subjective variables (not available in any other official database), we developed a statistical profile of their working and income conditions (high, medium, and low), and we corroborate much of what is in the literature, that is, that the concept of human capital is insufficient for analyzing the job outcomes of tertiary-educated migrants. We find the variables that increase the probability of tertiary-educated migrants' income falling within the high-income stratum for both men and women are having a command of English and having a job offer prior to arrival in the USA. Other variables matter for men but not for women (and vice versa); for example, confidence in studies undertaken in Mexico mattered only for men. While being a professional or an entrepreneur/manager increases the probability of high income for both men and women, men excel in the market with STEM and econ-business degrees while women excel only in econ-business. For both men and women's income, feeling discriminated against because of having a non-native accent decreases the likelihood of being in the high-income bracket. The perception of ethnic discrimination, however, affects only women's income in a similar way.

Accounting & Management www.cya.unam.mx/index.php/cya Convergencia de innovación en el nuevo paradigma tecnológico denanotecnología entre países 1

Este artículo analiza los factores económicos y sociodemográficos explicativos del ahorro de los hogares en México. A diferencia de otras investigaciones, toma en cuenta diferentes puntos de la distribución de la tasa de ahorro. La metodología involucra la estimación de regresiones cuantílica y cuantílica con variables instrumentales, a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2014. Los resultados muestran las diferencias de factores explicativos a lo largo de la distribución de la tasa de ahorro. La propensión marginal al ahorro fue de 5.7 por ciento en QR20 y de 16.1 por ciento en QR90. El sexo de la jefatura y el acceso a los mercados financieros no tienen un efecto significativo en QR20. El número de personas mayores aumenta la tasa de ahorro en QR20 y QR50, pero no es significativa en los otros cuantiles. El efecto de la localidad urbana disminuye entre cuantiles, hasta volverse negativo en QR90. Palabras clave: Comportamiento del ahorro, hogares, ingreso permanente, desigualdad, regresión cuantílica con variables instrumentales.

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