Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been successfully used as transducers in applications requiring the conversion of ion fluxes to electronic current. These applications range from regular biosensors to sophisticated devices for neuron recording and stimulation. For the rational optimization and understanding of the fundamentals of OECTs and OECT-based applications, however, it is essential to develop in-depth theoretical predictions of experimental data. Here, we review seminal works on modeling both the steady state and transient behavior of OECTs and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. Given that OECTs have been used and applied by a diverse community with very different backgrounds, our intention is to clarify and to extend most of the theoretical developments established so far. Special attention is given to the early models, while trying to make them accessible for everyone in the field of organic bioelectronics.

Objectives For several years, protease‐activated receptors (PARs) are targets of science regarding to various diseases and platelet aggregation. In the past, a number of publications related to PARs have been published, which refer to a variety of aspects. An important point of view is the inflammation of the skin, which has not been reported in detail yet. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge on PARs, and in particular, on the involvement of PARs in terms of skin inflammation. Key Findings Wound healing is an important step after skin injury and is connected with involvement of PARs and inflammation. An important point in skin inflammation is the coagulation‐dependent skin inflammation. Summary PARs are a special kind of receptors, being activated by proteolytic cleavage or chemical agonists. They may play an important role in various physiological processes. It is shown that the proteases are involved in many diseases for example Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The fact, that proteases regulate the coagulation, and are involved in interleukin and cytokine release leads to the conclusion that they are involved in inflammation processes.

In recent years, skin reactions such as phytophotodermatitis, contact dermatitis, and other inflammatory responses after contact with chemicals from various plants, e.g., Heracleum mantegazzianum or Hippomane mancinella, are one of the hot topics in phytobiology. Occupational skin inflammation after contact with latices of plants from Euphorbiaceae are common among people who work with plants of this family. Activation of protein kinase C by G protein-coupled receptors such as protease-activated receptors is associated with skin inflammation. In this study, we focused on the inflammatory modulation potential of proteases combined with diterpenes on human skin. Because of its role as a proinflammatory cytokine, we concentrated on the release of IL-8 by fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Therefore, primary human dermal fibroblasts and the HaCaT keratinocytes cell line were used as a model. The results indicated that the combination of the protease mauritanicain from Euphorbia mauritanica and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate induced a significantly increased IL-8 release in HaCaT keratinocytes compared to single treatments. The obtained results also suggest that mauritanicain has an anti-inflammatory effect on primary human dermal fibroblasts.

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