Objective Gather and describe general characteristics of different protocols of risk stratification for cardiac patients undergoing exercise. Methods We conducted searches in LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and SciELO electronic databases, using the following descriptors: Cardiovascular Disease, Rehabilitation Centers, Practice Guideline, Exercise and Risk Stratification in the past 20 years. Results Were selected eight studies addressing methods of risk stratification in patients undergoing exercise. Conclusion None of the methods described could cover every situation the patient can be subjected to; however, they are essential to exercise prescription.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) laser, using a high final energy of 4.8 J, during muscle regeneration after cryoinjury. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (C, n = 10); Injured (I, n = 10) and Injured and laser treated (Injured/LLLT, n = 10). The cryoinjury was induced in the central region of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA). The applications of the laser (904 nm, 50 mW average power) were initiated 24 h after injury, at energy density of 69 J cm(-1) for 48 s, for 5 days, to two points of the lesion. Twenty-four hours after the final application, the TA muscle was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen to assess the general muscle morphology and the gene expression of TNF-α, TGF-β, MyoD, and Myogenin. The Injured/LLLT group presented a higher number of regenerating fibers and fewer degenerating fibers (P < 0.05) without changes in the collagen remodeling. In addition, the Injured/LLLT group presented a significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α and myogenin compared to the injured group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the GaAs laser, using a high final energy after cryoinjury, promotes muscle recovery without changing the collagen remodeling in the muscle extracellular matrix.

Background: Virtual reality is an alternative therapeutic resource to be inserted into cardiovascular rehabilitation, stimulating the practice of physical activity through man-machine interaction.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease which causes overload to the right ventricle. The effect of preventive training on cardiac remodelling in this condition is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of preventive training on hypertrophy, heart function and gene expression of calcium transport proteins in rats with monocrotaline-induced PAH. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: S, sedentary control; T, trained control; SM, sedentary monocrotaline; and TM, trained monocrotaline. The preventive training protocol was performed on a treadmill for 13 weeks, five times/week. The first two weeks were adopted for adaptation to training with gradual increases in speed/time. The speed of the physical training from the third to tenth weeks was gradually increased from 0.9 to 1.1 km/h for 60 min. Next, monocrotaline was applied (60 mg/kg) to induce PAH and lactate threshold analysis performed to determine the training speeds. The training speed of the TM group in the following two weeks was 0.8 km/h for 60 min and the T = 0.9 km/h for 60 min; in the final two weeks, both groups trained at the same speed and duration 0.9 km/h, 60 min. Cardiac function was assessed through echocardiography, ventricular hypertrophy through histomorphometric analysis and gene expression through RT-qPCR. Right cardiac function assessed through the peak flow velocity was SM = 75.5 cm/s vs. TM = 92.0 cm/s (P = 0.001), and ventricular hypertrophy was SM = 106.4 μm² vs. TM = 77.7 μm² (P = 0.004). There was a decrease in the gene expression of ryanodine S = 1.12 au vs. SM = 0.60 au (P = 0.02) without alterations due to training. Thus, we conclude that prior physical training exerts a cardioprotective effect on the right ventricle in the monocrotaline rat model.

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de sobrepeso, obesidade e o nível de atividade física segundo o sexo de crianças e adolescentes de escolas públicas da cidade de Nantes, São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra foi composta de 170 crianças e 232 adolescentes com a idade média de 8,04±1,31 e 13,2±1,83 anos, respectivamente, de ambos os sexos e frequentadores de duas escolas. Foram coletadas as medidas antropométricas: Índice de massa corpórea pela idade (IMC/idade) e circunferência abdominal. O IMC/idade foi classificado de acordo com o Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) (2007) e um questionário modificado e adaptado sugerido por Silva (2009) foi utilizado para analisar o nível de atividade física. O teste t não pareado foi realizado e os valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos.A prevalência de 30,59% dos indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, foi verificada sendo a maioria desta adolescente. Também foi encontrada maior média e com diferença significativa do valor da circunferência abdominal no sexo feminino no grupo das crianças. Foi observado que 62,68% da amostra são inativos ou inadequadamente ativos e que a maioria desses era do sexo feminino. Estes fatos demonstram considerável risco que estes indivíduos podem apresentar de complicações cardiovasculares e musculoesqueléticas no decorrer da vida. A importância da realização precoce de programas educacionais e nutricionais na escola deve ser enfatizada para prevenção e tratamento destes indivíduos com excesso de peso e baixo nível de atividade física.