PurposeTo develop a digital image processing method to quantify structural components (smooth muscle fibers and extracellular matrix) in the vessel wall stained with Masson’s trichrome, and a statistical method suitable for small sample sizes to analyze the results previously obtained.MethodsThe quantification method comprises two stages. The pre-processing stage improves tissue image appearance and the vessel wall area is delimited. In the feature extraction stage, the vessel wall components are segmented by grouping pixels with a similar color. The area of each component is calculated by normalizing the number of pixels of each group by the vessel wall area. Statistical analyses are implemented by permutation tests, based on resampling without replacement from the set of the observed data to obtain a sampling distribution of an estimator. The implementation can be parallelized on a multicore machine to reduce execution time.ResultsThe methods have been tested on 48 vessel wall samples of the internal saphenous vein stained with Masson’s trichrome. The results show that the segmented areas are consistent with the perception of a team of doctors and demonstrate good correlation between the expert judgments and the measured parameters for evaluating vessel wall changes.ConclusionThe proposed methodology offers a powerful tool to quantify some components of the vessel wall. It is more objective, sensitive and accurate than the biochemical and qualitative methods traditionally used. The permutation tests are suitable statistical techniques to analyze the numerical measurements obtained when the underlying assumptions of the other statistical techniques are not met.
RESUMEN:El objetivo fue realizar una evaluación antropométrica de ambos hemisferios corporales en nadadores adolescentes. La muestra estuvo formada por 83 nadadores (52 hombres y 31 mujeres) con una edad media de 15,21±1,90 años. Sus valores antropométricos fueron analizados en función de las siguientes variables: edad, género, años de entrenamiento, estilo de nado (simultá-neo o alternativo), lado dominante, lado no dominante, lado de respiración, peso y estatura, con el fin de determinar la existencia o no de diferencias en la composición de cada lado del cuerpo del nadador. Para evaluar la composición corporal se utilizaron: pliegues (tricipital, subescapular, bicipital, cresta iliaca, supraespinal, abdominal, anterior del muslo y pierna), longitudes (brazo, antebrazo, mano, muslo, pie y pierna), perímetros (brazo relajado, brazo flexionado, antebrazo, muñeca, muslo, pierna y tobillo) y diámetros (muñeca, mano, pie, bimaleolar, húmero y fémur). También fueron determinados otros valores como: la masa grasa, muscular, residual, ósea y sus porcentajes, así como el sumatorio de pliegues y el cálculo del somatotipo. Los datos obtenidos mostraron que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las medidas tomadas a cada lado corporal de los nadadores, incluso cuando éstas fueron analizadas desde las variables, años de entrenamiento y estilo de nado. La práctica continua e intensa de la natación durante las etapas de crecimiento, no provoca asimetrías corporales entre ambos lados de los nadadores, incluso con técnica de nado alternativo, corroborando que la natación es un deporte de trabajo muscular completo y de composición corporal equilibrada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Antropometría; Natación; Composición corporal; Somatotipo. INTRODUCCIÓNLa natación es un deporte en el que intervienen simultáneamente, tanto el tren superior como el inferior. En su práctica, se consideran cuatro estilos o técnicas de nado (crol, espalda, braza y mariposa), cada uno de los cuales requiere un trabajo muscular distinto. Durante el periodo de aprendizaje todos los nadadores practican los cuatro estilos, pero las características físicas o las cualidades personales hacen que terminen especializándose en uno o dos estilos, siendo pocos los nadadores que destacan en todas las disciplinas.Los estilos de la natación podemos dividirlos en: simultáneos (mariposa y braza) y alternativos (crol y espalda), según se precise que cada lado corporal actúe simultá-nea o alternativamente. Dado que el nadador debe seguir una línea lo más recta posible para recorrer la menor distancia, está claro que en todas las técnicas de nado, ambos hemisferios corporales deben trabajar con intensidades similares, de lo contrario, el nadador sufriría desplazamientos con su correspondiente coste energético.El entrenamiento de la natación requiere de un trabajo de varias sesiones semanales lo que, con los años, genera cambios morfofuncionales. Numerosos estudios han determinado las características antropométricas de los nadadores de alto rendimiento en función ...
Pain and physical restriction were the CIVIQ domains with greater influence on the QoL of patients with primary superficial venous reflux. Age increase (up to 64 years), female gender, household activities, and C2-3 CEAP clinical class were the main factors associated with the worst QoL perception.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSThis observational research demonstrates quantitatively that near infrared illumination increases the visualisation of the subcutaneous venous network between 2.6 and 16.2 times vs. the traditional system of visual inspection. Morphological details of the superficial venous network of the lower extremities are more clearly displayed than with the naked eye, which allows for future studies to be designed to obtain better knowledge of the superficial venous network. This could be of help in understanding the behaviour in both control limbs (CEAP C 0A class) and limbs with venous incompetence (classes C 0S and C 1 of the CEAP classification).Objective: The subcutaneous venous network (SVN) is difficult to see with the naked eye. Near infrared illumination (NIr-I) claims to improve this. The aims of this observational study were to investigate whether there are differences between the different methods; to quantify the length and diameter of SVNs; and to confirm if they differ between C 0A and C 1 CEAP limbs. Methods: In total, 4 796 images, half of them from the visible spectrum (VS) and the other half from the nearninfrared spectrum (NIrS), belonging to 109 females (C 0A : n ¼ 50; C 1 CEAP: n ¼ 59) were used to establish the morphological characteristics of the SVN by visual analysis. With Photoshop CS4, SVN diameters and lengths were obtained by digital analysis of 3 052 images, once the images of whole extremities were excluded. Results: On NIr-I, the diameters, trajectories, and colouration of SVNs of C 1 limbs appeared more irregular than SVNs of C 0A limbs. Compared with the VS images, NIr-I allowed visualisation of a greater length of the SVN in both groups (p < .010). This capacity varied from 2.6 AE 0.9 times (C 1 ) to 16.2 AE 11.9 (C 0A ). While the SVN length seen in the VS images from C 1 limbs was greater than observed in C 0A limbs (p < .001), differences between NIr-I images only existed in the lateral part of the lower leg (p ¼ .016). With NIr-I, the median diameter of the C 1 CEAP SVN veins was 5.8 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 4.3e7.5 mm), while the median diameter in C 0A SVN limbs was 2.6 mm (IQR 2.0e3.6 mm) (p < .001). Conclusion:The NIr-I reveals the characteristics of the SVN better than the naked eye. Further studies are required to determine the significance of the changes in the SVN in C 0A and C 1 limbs, and the factors causing them.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.