This paper analyses the heterogeneity of compliance costs on farmers' choices to participate in agri-environment schemes. The theoretical distinction between fixed and variable costs is used to explain why factors that determine participation may differ from those which determine how much land participants enrol in a scheme. The level of fixed costs may explain why the smallest farms tend to be least likely to participate in such schemes. The empirical analysis presented in the paper compares models estimated with and without the hypothesis of negligible fixed costs. It also discusses the situation where the nature of costs can be identified and isolated. The results show that in the presence of fixed compliance costs, fixed transaction costs are a significant contracting barrier for smallest farms.agri-environmental contract, willingness to accept, fixed compliance costs,
Bonnieux F., Rainelli P., 1993. Learning from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill: damage valuation and court's ruling. Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly.This article presents a discussion of the different economic costs that resulted from the Amoco Cadiz's oil spill which damaged 200 miles of French coastline in 1978. This case is particularly interesting for several reasons : I) The Amoco Cadiz is the largest vessel spill in history, over five times the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez in 1989, and is thus, a reference point. II) It reveals the difficulties for economists in evaluating natural damage costs since these costs are highly dependent on the assumptions made in order to calculate them, the models used and the scarcity of data available.III) Since the lawsuits were only settled recently (1992), this case allows for the first longitudinal study of the issues involved in the economic valuation of a massive oil spill.The conclusion, based on previous discussions on the evaluation of the damages by the different parties involved (plaintiffs, defendant, first court and court of appeals), highlights a number of lessons for the damage assessment of disasters.
Die Methode der Kontingenzanalyse: eine Anwendung auf die Qualität der Küstengewässer,
von François Bonnieux, Philippe Le Goffe, Dominique Vermesch.
Es wird an den historischen Kontext erinnert, in dem die Méthode der Kontingenzanalyse entwickelt wurde, wobei die treibende Kraft der Nachfrage durch die Behörden sowie der Aktionen gegen die Verantwortlichen von Umweltschäden hervorgehoben wird. Die Anwendung dieser Méthode wird zunächst in einem allgemeinen Rahmen diskutiert, wobei das Interesse dem Begriff des hypothetischen Szenarios mit den sich daraus ergebenden Verzerrungen und den Techniken der Präferenzoffenbarungen gilt. Danach wird die Méthode anhand einer Fallstudie, und zwar über die Verbesserung der Qualität der Küstengewässer veranschaulicht. Hierbei stützt man sich auf das Beispiel der Reede von Brest und auf die Ergebnisse einer Erhebung, die bei 607 Personen im Sommer 1993 durchgeführt wurde. Zwei Szenarien werden untersucht; das erste betrifft die Verbesserung der Gewässerqualität und das zweite den Schutz des Ökosystems in der Reede vor der Eutrophierung. Mit der Zahlung eines Beitrages für die Gewässerqualität wären 75% der befragten Personen und für das Ökosystem 49% einverstanden. Für jedes Gut ist ein Tobit-Modell über die Zahlungsbereitschaft erstellt worden. Die bedeutendsten erklärenden Variablen sind das Geschlecht, das Einkommen, der Ausbildungsgrad oder der Beruf, die Sensibilität für Umweltfragen, die Einstellung gegenüber der Wasserqualität und das Betreiben von Freizeittätigkeiten.
The management of freshwater ®sheries in France is generally entrusted to angling associations, which are in turn grouped into departmental federations. These associations, act under State supervision to protect the aquatic environment and develop recreational ®sheries. The National Fishing Council has developed a general method for the formulation of departmental ®shery management plans. More than half the departments of France have been involved in this programme since 1995. The approach focuses on the potential number of adult wild ®sh in each homogeneous ecological unit called a`context'. The cost of any rehabilitation work needed to restore habitat and to place the context under self-sustaining management (called`patrimonial management') is estimated. Examples of the way in which cost-bene®t analysis helps determine the economic viability of management plans are drawn from the Indre and He rault, two departments with contrasting ecological and ®shery situations. The analysis takes into account the value of wild ®sh in relation to stocked ®sh. K E Y W O R D S : cost bene®t analysis, habitat restoration, management plan, recreational ®sheries, stocking.
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