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We build on Boltanski and Thévenot's theory of justification to account for the ways in which different stakeholder groups actively engage with discourses and objects to maintain the legitimacy of institutions that are relevant to their activity. We use this framework to analyse a controversy emerging from a nuclear accident which involved a large European energy company and sparked public debate on the legitimacy of nuclear power. Based on the findings, we elaborate a process model of institutional repair that explains the role of agents and the structural constraints they face in attempting to maintain legitimacy. The model enhances institutional understandings of legitimacy maintenance in three main respects: it proposes a view of legitimacy maintenance as a controversy-based process progressing through stakeholders' justifications vis-à-vis a public audience; it demonstrates the role of meta-level 'orders of worth' as multiple modalities for agreement which shape stakeholders' public justifications during controversies; and it highlights the capacities that stakeholders deploy in developing robust justifications out of a plurality of forms of agreement.

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Purpose -The purpose of the paper is to develop a new framework depicting the incorporation of concepts such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) within corporate communication as a process that called "institutionalization by translation". The paper aims to develop a micro-meso-macroperspective to analyze why and how organizations institutionalize CSR with which effects. Design/methodology/approach -The paper brings together institutional, sensemaking and communication theories. The paper builds on neo-institutionalism to frame the external conditions that foster or hinder the institutionalization of CSR on the macro-and meso-level. And the paper uses sensemaking and communication theories to describe this process on the meso-and micro-level. The paper illustrates the analysis by describing the CSR strategies of a large European energy company. Findings -CSR can be regarded as an empty concept that is based on moral communication and filled with different meanings. The analysis describes how CSR is internally translated (moralization and amoralization), which communication strategies are developed here (symbolic, dialogic, etc.) and that CSR communications are publicly negotiated. The analysis shows that the institutionalization of CSR bears not only opportunities, but also risks for corporations and can, therefore, be described as a "downward spirale of legitimacy and upward spiral of CSR institutionalization". Finally, alternative ways of coping with external demands are developed ("management by hypocrisis" and "defaulted communication"). Practical implications -The paper shows risk and explains more effective ways of building organizational legitimacy. Originality/value -The originality lays in the macro-meso-micro-perspective on the institutionalization of CSR. It allows the description of this process and its effects from the background of constraints and sensemaking and offers a new perspective on organizational legitimacy building.