In many large Latin American urban areas such as the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), growing social and economic inequalities are embedded through high spatial inequality in the provision of state schools and affordable public transport to these schools. This paper sheds light on the transport-education inequality nexus with reference to school accessibility by public transport in the SPMR. To assess school accessibility, we develop an accessibility index which combines information on the spatial distribution of adolescents, the location of existing schools, and the public transport provision serving the school catchment area into a single measure. The index is used to measure school accessibility locally across 633 areas within the SPMR. We use the index to simulate the impact of a policy aiming at increasing the centralization of public secondary education provision, and find that it negatively affects public transport accessibility for students with the lowest levels of accessibility. These results illustrate how existing inequalities can be amplified by variable accessibility to schools across income groups and geographical space. The research suggests that educational inequality impacts of school agglomeration policies should be considered before centralisation takes place.
A pesquisa abordada neste artigo objetivou analisar a prática da medicina preventiva, no que concerne à vacinação, decorrente da intervenção do Poder Judiciário. Para tanto, pesquisou-se na jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio de Janeiro as decisões proferidas, entre os anos 2000 e 2012, relativas a essa questão. Foram encontrados 110 processos, dentre os quais 25 versavam sobre fornecimento de vacinas como obrigação do estado. Entre estes processos, verificou-se que todos tratavam do fornecimento de vacinas para indivíduos específicos. Os resultados indicam que não há demandas que tratem da vacinação de forma coletiva, isto é, não existem ações que pleiteiem forçar o estado a agir de forma preventiva, para salvaguardar, pelo menos quanto à vacinação, um direito coletivo à saúde. Não existe também qualquer iniciativa por parte de associações ou instituições jurídicas, como a Defensoria Pública e o Ministério Público, para a tutela da vacinação de forma coletiva.
This article introduces DUIA, the Database on Urban Inequality and Amenities. DUIA includes data on the socio-economic development and amenities of 86 cities. The database especially covers cities outside the West, providing new opportunities for comparative research in fields suffering from a dearth of data. DUIA addresses three concerns that have not been resolved by other databases on cities. First, we draw upon remote sensing derived data from the Atlas of Urban Expansion to more accurately define city boundaries. Second, we draw upon survey data stored in IPUMS (Integrated Public Use Microdata Series) to include extensive, harmonized, and disaggregated data. Third, we use open source software and share our scripts to ensure transparency and replicability. DUIA includes information on dwelling and household characteristics, educational attainment, ownership of assets and appliances, and access to amenities. We provide illustrative analyses on asset inequality and water access to demonstrate the potential for the database. Although we also identify several limitations, DUIA represents a step forward in the systematic study of inequality and amenities over time and across cities.
Resumo: Apoiando-se em trabalhos que utilizaram as técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa de história de vida e análise de trajetórias em diferentes campos disciplinares, o texto procura refletir sobre as possibilidades e limitações da aplicação destas técnicas na incorporação da dimensão relacional do território na definição de políticas públicas e no campo da pesquisa sociourbanística. Aqui, o (re)conhecimento sobre as trajetórias de vida dos chamados "usuários" das políticas públicas poderia representar uma chave importante para processos da gestão pública onde os cidadãos encontrem-se na centralidade do interesse e prevaleça a conexão indivisível entre os campos urbano e social. Abstract: Drawing on studies that used qualitative research techniques of life history and trajectory analysis in different disciplines, the text attempts to reflect on the possibilities and limitations of these * Frederico Ramos é arquiteto urbanista, mestre em Sensoriamento Remoto pelo Inpe, doutorando da Fundação Getúlio Vargas em Administração Pública e Governo, pesquisador assistente do Cepesp/FGV - Palavras
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