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In historical period necropoleis, human bones in secondary contexts (displaced bones) are often neglected or are interpreted too quickly, jeopardizing a global approach to the organisation of the funerary group, and to the social customs. Using concrete examples, we will see that the polymorphous character of bone piles, and the functional and taphonomic evolution of each feature demand appropriate recording and investigation methods. These conditions are essential for defining the orientations for the biological study of the bones, quite necessary in order to put the archaeological data into perspective.
Les méthodes d'analyse en anthropologie de terrain constituent un outil fondamental pour la restitution des architectures funéraires (identification, morphologie et modalités de construction des contenants de bois et des aménagements de la fosse, modalités de dépôt du corps et de son contenant éventuel, etc). Correctement employées, elles contribuent à enrichir les typochronologies régionales, en révélant des dispositifs extrêmement variés. L'objectif des études de cas développées ici est de réfléchir à la notion de typologie dans le cas d'une sépulture, et plus particulièrement de s'interroger sur le potentiel de nos outils d'analyse. Il convient notamment d'en évaluer les ambiguïtés et de rappeler que ceux-ci permettent avant tout un classement des distorsions taphonomiques qui ne se rapportent pas directement à une réalité architecturale donnée. Les difficultés rencontrées lors du passage à la restitution du dispositif funéraire nous invitent à faire de cette réflexion la priorité actuelle de l'anthropologie de terrain et à soutenir les interventions en contexte documenté. Summary: Reflections on the typology of graves: means of chrono-cultural interpretation. Methods of analysis in physical anthropology fieldwork constitute fundamental tools for reconstituting funerary architecture (grave pit features, modes of construction, body positioning and possible coffin arrangements). Used correctly, these methods help to build regional typo-chronologies, revealing extremely varied customs. The aim of the case studies presented here is to reflect upon the notion of typology regarding a grave, and more particularly to question the potential of our analytical tools. It is fitting to evaluate ambiguities and to bear in mind that above all these notions allow a classification of taphonomical distortions that are not directly related to a given architectural reality. Problems encountered when attempting to reconstitute funerary arrangements indicate that this theme of reflection should be the current priority for anthropological fieldwork, as should supporting excavations in documented contexts.
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