There are few papers about physiological indices in Callithrix penicillata, an increasing primate model in biomedicine. We investigated levels of plasmatic cortisol, plasmatic glucose, free fatty acids, blood cells, tympanic temperature, rectal temperature in C. penicllata, under a fast restraint. Measures of body and weight were accomplished. Males and females were not different regarding any measurements. Body measurements indicated differences between adults and juveniles. Adults showed higher hematocrit and a tendency for higher free fatty acids than juveniles. Right tympanic temperature was higher in adults than juveniles. This result suggests a higher reaction metabolism in adults than juveniles under a restraint stress. Due to the short-time of collecting the data, plasmatic cortisol did not influence physiological parameters. Therefore, we suggest that present results could be considered referential values of C. penicillata physiology.

Capuchin monkeys ( Sapajus sp.) have cognitive skills and variation in morphological traits among different species that allow for a varied diet and fl exible use of food resources. In the northern Atlantic forest, capuchins have been forced by fragmentation to live in human-altered environments; in addition, animal densities have been reduced by hunting and habitat loss, wiping out a number of large mammals that disperse zoochoric fruits. With the decrease in populations of other seed dispersers, yellow-breasted capuchins ( Sapajus xanthosternos ) are currently one of the largest fruit-eating mammals in the region. We provide frequency of feeding on invasive species ( sensu Colautti and MacIsaac, Divers Distrib 10(2):135-141, 2004), and insights into how they might compete for seed dispersal with other species. S . xanthosternos had a high frequency of travelling and feeding on fruits. They ate fruits in primary, old-and young-secondary forest, swamp, and cabruca (shaded cocoa plantations). In addition, they fed on fruits of oil-palm ( Elaeis guineensis ), jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) and cocoa ( Theobroma cacao ); these cultivars compete with native species for seed dispersal by S . xanthosternos . We recommend the management of invasive fruiting species, especially in protected areas.

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Metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) is now widely used to build diversity profiles from DNA that has been shed by species into the environment. There is substantial interest in the expansion of eDNA approaches for improved detection of terrestrial vertebrates using invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) in which hematophagous, sarcophagous, and coprophagous invertebrates sample vertebrate blood, carrion, or feces. Here, we use metabarcoding and multiple iDNA samplers (carrion flies, sandflies, and mosquitos) to profile gamma and alpha diversity in a dry, tropical forest in the southern Amazon. Our main objectives were to (1) compare diversity found with iDNA to camera trapping, which is the conventional method of vertebrate diversity surveillance and (2) compare each of the iDNA samplers to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and potential biases associated with each sampler. Carrion flies were the most effective sampler, despite the least amount of sampling effort and the fewest number of individuals captured for metabarcoding, in describing vertebrate biodiversity followed by sandflies. Camera traps had the highest median species richness at the site-level but showed strong bias towards carnivore and ungulate species and missed much of the diversity described by iDNA methods. Mosquitos showed a strong feeding preference for humans as did sandflies for armadillos, thus presenting potential utility to further study related to host-vector interactions.