To determine effects of removal from home cage, manual manipulation, and placement in a new environment on heart rate (HR), dermal EKG electrodes were implanted in albino rats. HR was recorded for 13 Ss placed in a wood box for 2 min. on each of 20 consecutive days in Phase 1 and for 7 Ss placed in the box for 1 hr. on each of 10 consecutive days in Phase 2. Subsequently, 4 of these Ss were given 5 additional daily 4-hr, exposures and a single 24-hr, exposure to the apparatus. Handling produced marked acceleration in HR which dissipated in a negatively accelerated fashion over 3 hr. Successive experiences with handling did not reduce HR acceleration.

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The agonistic behavior ofmale C57BL/6 mice was observed in shock and nonshock round-robins. It was [ound that there was a positive relationship between dominance rank of the participants and frequency of upright reactions in the [oot-shock situation. These results suggested that the upright reaction observed in the foot-shock situation be identified not as an attack behavior as is typically done, but rather as an ambivalent, threat, or defense behavior. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dominance-submission and the frequency of the upright agonistic posture produced in a foot-shock situation similar to that employed by Ulrich & Azrin (1962). This study was part of an extensive series of experiments on the usefulness of the foot-shock technique for the study of agonistic behavior in various strains of mice. Among numerous agonistic behavior patterns, the upright posture is of particular interest not only because of its ease of induction in a foot-shock situation, reHability of measurement, and known relationship to various parameters such as shock intensity, rate, floor area, etc. in rats (Ulrich, 1966), but also because ofsome amount of controversy over its classification (King, 1966; Scott, 1966). As further evidence, if not of controversy, at least oflack of clarity or precision as to its proper classification, the upright posture in mice has been defined as an index of submission or submissiveness

Alpha‐mannosidosis is a rare inherited metabolic disorder (OMIM #248500) caused by mutations in the enzyme α‐mannosidase encoded by the gene MAN2B1. Patients have distinct physical and developmental features, but only limited information regarding standardized cognitive functioning of patients has been published. Here we contribute intellectual ability scores (IQ) on 12 patients with alpha‐mannosidosis (ages 8‐59 years, 10 males, 2 females). In addition, a pooled analysis was performed with data collected from this investigation and 31 cases obtained from the literature, allowing a comprehensive analysis of intellectual functioning in this rare disease. The initial and pooled analyses show that patients with alpha‐mannosidosis have variable degrees of intellectual disability but show decline in IQ with age, particularly during the first decade of life. Patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation tend to show stabilized cognitive abilities.