Adaptation and habituation of heart rate to handling in the rat.

Re, Black; Fowler, Robert L.; Kimbrell, G. McA.

doi:10.1037/h0043044

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These results not only confirm the findings of Black et al, but show, in addition, that the environment does not have to be dramatically different from the home environment to be an effective fear-inducing stimulus, since the increases in HR are comparable to those obtained in an open field, an environment thought to be intensely fear-arousing for the rat (Black et al, 1964). In addition, our results suggest that young rats adapt much less rapidly to the fear-arousing properties of an unfamiliar environment than adult animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Richardson

Siegel

Campbell

1988

Developmental Psychobiology

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Rats 16 to 60 days of age were placed in an unfamiliar environment either alone or in the presence of an anesthetized lactating dam. Rats of all ages show a dramatic increase in fear, as measured by heart rate (HR), when placed alone in an unfamiliar environment. Adult rats, however, show a rapid decline in heart rate during the course of a 90-min session, whereas 16-day-old rats show no significant decrease in HR during the same period. These results suggest that the adult rats become less fearful of the test environment over time, but that the 16-day-olds maintain a high level of fear throughout the 90-min test period. Twenty-three- and 30-day-old rats show an adultlike pattern of adaptation to the unfamiliar environment, i.e., their heart rates return partially but not completely to baseline levels within the 90-min session. When an anesthetized lactating dam is present in the test environment, a strikingly different pattern of results is obtained. Heart rate in the 16-day-old rat is immediately reduced to near baseline levels whereas in the young adult (60-day-old) rat the presence of the anesthetized dam has no effect on either initial HR or rate of adaptation. Again the 23- and 30-day-old rats showed an intermediate pattern of adaptation. In two follow-up experiments the effects of adding (Expt. 2) or removing (Expt. 3) an anesthetized dam on the 16-day-old rats' response to an unfamiliar environment was examined. Both experiments showed that animals were more fearful when the dam was absent from the environment than when it was present.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Richardson

Siegel

Campbell

1988

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…From the available reports, perhaps one of the effects of previous handling is that handled animals exhibit a decrease in fear, irrespective of the handling being gentle or comparatively rough (Eells, 1961;Spence & Maher, 1962a, 1962b. On the other hand, our results confirm previous findings that handling, and particularly handling by the tail, has aversive characteristics, even if this handling is executed manually and as gently as possible (Black, Fowler, & Kimbrell, 1964;Eikelboom, 1986;Fowler, 1963;McAllister, McAllister, Hampton, & Scoles, 1980;Rigter et al, 1980;Wong, 1972). A basic difference between the experiments in which handling had a facilitatory influence and those in which, instead, it was aversive, is that in the former case handling was performed before, and sometimes a great while before, the actual experiment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Inhibition of exploratory behavior in the rat by handling

Lorenzini

Bucherelli

Giachetti

et al. 1990

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…The study of maternal heart rate during nursing disclosed levels w h c h are comparable to those reported for nonlactating rats by Black, Fowler, and Kimbrell (1964). There was no evidence for a circulating sympathomimetic agent which could be passed through the milk t o the pups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Cardiorespiratory regulation and activity patterns of rat pups studied with their mothers during the nursing cycle

Hofer

1971

Developmental Psychobiology

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Hofer, Myron A., and Grabie, Morris (1971) . Cardiorespiratory Regulation and Activity Patterns of Rat Pups Studied with their Mothers during the NursingCycle. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, 4(2): 169-1 80. Rat pups aged 10 to 19 days were implanted with chronic electrodes and recorded while freely moving in the litter situation, during nursing and throughout naturally occurring maternal absences. Heart rates were significantly higher in the mother's presence (p<.Ol) while respiratory rates and percent of time spent active were identical under the 2 conditions. Pups' inactive heart rates progressively increased during the 20 min of nursing, while no such time trends were evident in other measures. Inactive heart rates decreased significantly (p<.OI) as a function of age; respiratory rates and activity during nursing showed similar trends. A histogram of number of periods of activity bursts of different durations while pups were nursing showed a preponderance of 1-to 5-sec bursts which were observed to be associated with active sucking and pawing movements. This pattern of short bursts of spontaneous activity was repeated almost identically when the mother was absent, although the behavior was qualitativeky differtnt. In a second experiment, increases in pups' body temperature of .2 C to 1 .O C were found to accompany active nursing. If such increases were imposed by an artificial heat source, heart rates of pups actually fell slightly. In a third study, heart rates were recorded from nursing mothers and found to be relatively unaffected by stimulation from the pups. preweaningbehavior respiration nursing maternal behavior temperature separation early experience activity laboratory rat heart rate

show abstract

Adaptation and habituation of heart rate to handling in the rat.

Cited by 36 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Effect of maternal presence on the fear response to an unfamiliar environment as measured by heart rate in rats as a function of age

Inhibition of exploratory behavior in the rat by handling

Cardiorespiratory regulation and activity patterns of rat pups studied with their mothers during the nursing cycle

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