Methods of quality management and quality assurance aim at improving medical facilities, procedures and services to benefit patients and avoid potential harm. It is prudent to call these measures "secondary technologies" because they are used to optimize the so-called "primary technologies" used in medicine such as diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation and counseling. However, in light of the considerable efforts and high costs associated with quality assurance measures, it is important that these measures be subject to critical review. Like all other procedures or technologies used in health care, quality assurance measures must be reviewed with respect to their effects and costs prior to and during implementation. The primary issue of such pre-evaluation and re-evaluation is to analyze whether the benefits justify the costs and then to define how quality assurance measures can be used to help improve the outcomes of health care services. Quality assurance measures must focus on health care priorities. They should be limited to common and serious health problems, the core services of the different health care providers and to high-risk interventions. Quality assurance must contribute primarily to the health of patients and protect them from avoidable harm. Quality management must be patient and outcome oriented and should uphold the ideal of the responsible and informed patient, whose dignity and autonomy must be respected. Above all, strengthening the position of health care users requires comprehensive, comprehensible and easily accessible information on the targets and outcomes of quality management. This is a basic requirement for setting up a quality-oriented information culture in the health care system and should be given high priority.

For quality promotion of bronchial asthma management in Germany, the development of a national evidence-based guideline, using the internationally accepted quality criteria for clinical practice guidelines, was recommended by an expert group of the German Guideline Clearinghouse. The experts identified and peer-reviewed 16 out of 54 guidelines, which might be useful as benchmarks and examples for a German asthma guideline. From the peer review results, the expert group identified 18 key topics for a national asthma guideline.

No abstract

The role of practice guidelines as a tool for quality management in health care is now widely accepted in Germany- not only by health professionals, but also in politics. The physicians' professional associations as well as health care authorities (physicians' self-governmental bodies) and parliament introduced several incentives and regulations, aiming at a regular use of guidelines in health care. Among these the German guideline clearinghouse with the systematic approach towards identification, dissemination, and implementation of best available evidence-based guidelines, as well as the country-wide implementation of disease management guidelines seem to be effective and efficient in quality management as well as in patient care management in the German health care system. The article gives an overview on background, procedures and barriers to country-wide implementation of clinical practice guidelines within a social security health care system.

To advance the process of quality improvement for medical information for non-medical and lay persons, it is essential to develop and to intensify the cooperation with stake holders and partners at different levels. Only through close cooperation with others it is possible to create a basis to continuously develop and improve the information quality assessment instrument further. In addition, effective strategies need to be developed to disseminate these endeavours to patients and consumers of health information in a user-friendly and transparent way.