Purpose. To determine the possibilities of modern ultrasound methods in the detection of uveal melanoma (UM) extrascleral growth (EG).Patients and methods. The work is based on the results of the examination and treatment of 170 patients with UM who underwent enucleation, including 106 (62.5 %) women and 64 (37.5 %) men aged 15 to 81 years (average — 52.9 ± 12.5). All patients underwent standard and special ophthalmological examinations, including grey scale echography and color Doppler Imaging on ultrasound system Voluson ® 730Pro device using a linear format probe with a central scanning frequency of 10–16 MHz. In all cases, a morphological study was carried out, and in 30 — a molecular genetic study.Results. UM EG was confirmed histologically in 33 patients — 19.4 % of 170 removed eyes. EG was recorded in all morphological types of UM, but more often in its more aggressive types-epithelioid cell and mixed cell types (χ2 = 6.236, p = 0.044). Significant correlations of EG presence with choroidal localization of UM (r = 0.150, p = 0.048), histological type (r = 0.151, p = 0.05) were revealed. In patients with EG, domed and irregular tumors were more often detected. The results of densitometric analysis of the tumor in patients with and without EG showed significantly higher acoustic density in patients with EG in the area of the base (A1) and central part (A2) of the tumor. In 16 (48.5 %) patients with EG, the growth was detected preoperatively — during ultrasound examination, in other cases-in 17 (51.5 %) patients, EG was established only intraoperatively or after pathohistological examination. The sensitivity of the high-resolution ultrasound technique for detecting EG was 48.5 %, specificity — 97.8 %, accuracy — 87.6 %, efficiency — 71.6 %, prognostic value of positive and negative results — 83.3 % and 97.8 %, respectively. The ROC analysis showed a clinical significance of 0.890 (95 % CI). A characteristic feature of patients with EG in the CDC mode was the visual determination of the total vascularization of the intraocular and extrascleral foci. Of the 30 patients who underwent molecular genetic testing, ERA was detected in 5 cases. All five patients had monosomy of chromosome 3.Conclusions. The paper presents the characteristic echographic (B-scan and color Doppler mapping) signs of extrascleral tumor growth, which allow us to adjust the tactics of surgical treatment. Data on the full or partial monosomy of chromosome 3 in the studied tumor samples in the presence of its extrascleral growth are presented.

Violation of the main mechanism of protection of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract mucociliary transport (MCT) is the cause of the development of most diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (PNS). Nevertheless, to assess the MCT in clinical conditions, mainly methods of a subjective nature are used aiming at determining the time of the MCT. At the present stage, the development of a method for an objective assessment of the MCT using new computer and mathematical technologies is an important area of scientific research in otorhinolaryngology. Objective. Based on a review of publications of modern methods for assessing the MCT used in clinical practice and scientific research, to identify promising areas of methods for its study. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign literature publications (articles and corresponding abstracts) presented in the databases of the National Library of Russia, including information on methods for assessing mucociliary transport and recording the motor activity of the cilia of the upper respiratory tract (URT) epithelium, was carried out. The materials were chosen according to the keywords: mucociliary transport, motor activity of the ciliated epithelium, rhinology. Results. When studying modern publications, it turned out that in MCT studies high-speed video recording of the work of cilia is increasingly used, in combination with computer and mathematical processing of the data obtained, which makes it possible to give a full assessment of both the mechanism of violation and the functional efficiency of the work of cilia. In the course of the information search, it was found that modern methods used in the study of the MCT tend to automate the receipt of results based on the development of software. The conducted analysis of the literature testifies to the prospects of combining the approaches of related scientific fields of medicine, physics, and biology in the study of the motor function of cilia. One of the promising scientific achievements is the method of Doppler optical coherence tomography (DOCT) using a laser radiation source, which makes it possible to noninvasively and noncontactly assess the nature of cilia movement disorders at the level of spatial planar sections. Most of the modern research methods presented in the article indicate the need for further development and use of new approaches and criteria for assessing the motor activity of cilia.

Objective. To summarize data on the epidemiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with an emphasis on prevalence and risk factors. Materials and methods. The analysis of English- and Russian-language publications using databases: PubMed, Russian Science Citation Index, Springer, Scopus, Scientific Research, Crossref, eLibrary. The search depth is 10 years (2012–2022). The paper presents data from original epidemiological studies, reflects differences in estimates of the prevalence of the disease depending on the research method, sample characteristics, predisposing environmental conditions. Results. The use of symptomatology and objective diagnostic criteria makes it possible to identify the prevalence of CRS in more than 10% of the population. When using both methods, the true prevalence of CRS is about 5%. Differences in the prevalence of CRS associated with concomitant living conditions and the general condition of patients indicate the presence of risk factors, such as modifiable: smoking, air pollution, socioeconomic, comorbid diseases, as well as unmodified: hereditary, demographic (gender, race, age). Conclusion. During the follow-up period, along with the introduction of new treatment methods, the prevalence of CRS in Russia and the world has been maintained, which requires improving the organizational and methodological approach to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. The expansion of data on the epidemiological patterns of CRS makes it possible to optimally identify the disease process for each patient, thereby contributing to an increase in the effectiveness of treatment at the general social level.

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