Aim: To assess odontogenic differentiation abilities of porous biomineralizable composite scaffolds comprising eggshell derived nano-hydroxyapatite (HAnp) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) on cultured human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).Methodology: Nano-hydroxyapatite was derived from eggshells using a simple combustion method and CMC was prepared from chitosan through a chemical route.

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In vitro studies are carried out on a phosphate‐based glass system with different compositions (45P2O5–30CaO–(25−x) Na2O–xTiO2) of TiO2 (0≤x1 mol%). The optimization of bone‐bonding ability of prepared glass samples is carried out by using studies such as ultrasonic velocities, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), in vitro, pH, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result that is observed indicates a possible change in the structural property of glasses due to the addition of TiO2. The strong absorption band at 1100 cm−1 in FTIR pattern in all compositions that is observed indicates the presence of Ca2P2O7 after immersion in simulated body fluid solution. A high degree of absorption is noticed in 1.0 mol% of glass sample to which TiO2 was added, which ensures the growth of a rich Ca–P crystalline layer on the glass surface during in vitro studies. The XRD study on 1.0 mol% TiO2 after in vitro study confirms the formation of crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp). SEM micrographs, FTIR, and pH observations show a small amount of formation of HAp in all prepared glass samples whereas a higher formation of HAp is noted on glass samples with 1.0 mol% TiO2.

A series of phosphate based glasses of composition 45P2O5–(40−x)CaO–15Na2O–xZnO (x = 0, 3, 6, 8 10, and 12 mol%) were prepared employing melt‐quenching techniques. Based on the thermal analysis data of glasses, the schedule of thermal treatments have been designed and employed to obtain their glass ceramic derivatives. The increase in thermal stability and decrease in crystallization tendency was observed from differential thermal analysis traces. The durability of phosphate glasses were improved as a result of the addition of ZnO content. The increasing ZnO content alters the phosphate glass structure and enhances the cross‐link formation between different network chains. A broad‐based characterization approach combining different techniques was used to investigate the in vitro properties of glasses and their glass‐ceramic equivalents against the addition of ZnO content into the glass composition. The in vitro results revealed the decreasing nature of apatite forming ability of phosphate glasses with increase in ZnO content before and after thermal treatments. Both the glass and glass‐ceramics containing ZnO content above 10 mol% exhibited poor in vitro performance mainly because of their dissolution nature. The weight loss analysis revealed that the decreasing solubility of glass and glass‐ceramics was observed as increasing of ZnO content.

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