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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate pupillary contraction and dilatation response changes in Graves' disease. Materials and Methods: The patient group consisted of 55 euthyroid Graves patients and the control group consisted of 55 healthy individuals. Data from the right eyes of all participants were used. Static (scotopic, mesopic, photopic) and dynamic pupillometry measurements were performed with automatic pupillometry. The mean pupil dilatation speed was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Static measurements, dynamic measurements and the mean pupil dilatation speed data were compared between the patient and control groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between two groups in all static and dynamic values and the mean pupil dilatation speed. The mean scotopic pupil diameter was 5.41±0.776 mm in Graves’ group and 5.55±0.747 mm in the control group. The mean mesopic pupil diameter was 4.39±0.721 in Graves’ group and 4.17±0.640 mm in the control group. The mean photopic pupil diameter was 3.45 ±0,549 mm in Graves’ group and 3.29±0.679 mm in the control group. The mean dynamic pupil diameter 0th second was 3, 54±0.541 mm in Graves’ group and 3.48±0.708 mm in the control group. The mean speed of pupil dilatation at 18th second was 0.116±0.031 mm/sec in Graves’ group and 0.128±0.040 mm/sec in the control group. Age was found to be an independent factor on pupillary parameters. Conclusion: The pupillary parameters of patients with euthyroid hormone levels were not affected. While pupillary responses appeared not to be affected in the case of euthyroidism, more studies including patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are needed.

Objectives: We aim to investigate the involvement of the choroid and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in COVID-19 patients using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2020. 40 patients (23 female and 17 male) with COVID-19 and 42 healthy individuals (26 female and 16 male) were included in the study. The OCT scans were performed 4 weeks after the COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: In the COVID-19 group, in the right eyes, the mean nasal choroidal thickness was 295.70 ± 7,046 μm ( p = 0.017), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.25 ± 6,353 μm ( p = 0.003), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 296.63 ± 6,324 μm ( p = 0.039), and mean RNFL was 89.23 ± 1.30 μm ( p = 0.227). In the left eyes, mean nasal choroidal thickness was 287.88 ± 9,033 μm ( p = 0.267), mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 333.80 ± 9,457 μm ( p = 0.013), mean temporal choroidal thickness was 298.50 ± 9,158 μm ( p = 0.079), and mean RNFL was 89.48 ± 1,289 μm ( p = 0.092). Compared with the control group, the patient group had significant thickening of the choroidal thickness in all quadrants of the right eyes, and significant thickening of the subfoveal choroidal thickness in the left eyes. There was no significant difference in the RNFL thickness between groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: COVID-19 may cause a subclinical involvement in the choroidal layer.

We report the diagnosis and follow-up process of a case who had bilateral macular edema after blunt facial trauma. A 36-year-old male patient with Le Fort type 1 and mandibular fracture without direct ocular trauma referred to the ophthalmology clinic. Visual acuity was 0.1 in both eyes according to Snellen chart. Ocular examination was normal except bilateral macular edema. The patient did not have any prior systemic or neurological diseases. The patient did not have cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhage, or Purtscher flecken in the fundus examination. He used topical 0.1% nepafenac solution for 1 month. Visual acuity returned to normal after complete resolution of the macular edema at 1 month and did not recur in the follow-up. We think that this case may be an isolated macular edema due to facial trauma or an atypical presentation of Purtscher retinopathy. Although facial fractures and trauma may cause Purtscher retinopathy with involvement of different retinal structures, the findings in this case suggest that isolated involvement of macula can also occur in these injuries.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the normative pupillometry values and mean pupil dilatation speed in healthy individuals in different age groups in our study. Methods: The study group included 180 eyes of 90 healthy volunteers in different age groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 participants between the ages of 6 and 18, group 2 consisted of 30 participants aged 19–40, and group 3 consisted of 30 participants aged 41–75. Scotopic, mesopic, photopic, and dynamic measurements were taken with automatic pupillometry of Sirius Topographer (CSO, Firenze, Italy). The mean pupil dilation speed at the 18 th second was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Results: Group 1 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than groups 2 and 3 in all static and dynamic parameters, and the mean pupil dilation speed was the highest among the groups ( P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters). In addition, group 2 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than group 3 ( P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters) and the mean pupil dilation speed was faster than group 3 ( P = 0.027). Conclusion: We have presented the static and dynamic parameters and the mean speed of pupil dilatation at the 18 th second with automatic pupillometry in healthy individuals in childhood, adulthood, and old age. More studies with higher participants and younger age children are needed.