IntroductionDissolution of the enamel in the form of erosion has increased due to shift in eating habits toward carbonated drinks like soft drink and chocolates.AimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in the salivary pH after intake of different eatables and beverages in children at different time intervals.Study designUsing standard salivary tests, this study was conducted as a case-control study. Fifty children between ages of 8 and 12 years having strict vegetarian diet were included in the study.Materials and methodsOral prophylaxis was done and salivary buffer capacity for stimulated saliva was measured. Before the saliva collection, each of the children was informed not to eat or drink anything for up to 2 hours just before the appointment.ResultsOn pairwise evaluation, all the differences were found to be significant statistically except between baseline vs 30 minutes. Maximum mean difference was calculated and observed between baseline and immediately after intake of fruit juice and immediate after 30 minutes, 0.953 and 0.963 respectively, while minimum difference was calculated and observed between baseline and 30 minutes after intake of fruit juice (0.010).ConclusionMaximum drop was seen in cold drink when compared with fruit juice. The maximum pH increase was observed in cream biscuits with 7.63 ± 0.20. It was observed that in all the groups, the pH gradually got back to near normal levels due to the buffering mechanism of saliva.How to cite this article: Pachori A, Kambalimath H, Maran S, Niranjan B, Bhambhani G, Malhotra G. Evaluation of Changes in Salivary pH after Intake of Different Eatables and Beverages in Children at Different Time Intervals. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):177-182.

INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increase blood glucose level resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. 1 The prevalence of diabetes is on the rise, more alarmingly in the developing nations. The number of diabetic patients in the world has been estimated more than 175 million. Diabetes mellitus is ranked 7 th among leading causes of death & has been rated 3 rd when all its fatal complications are taken in to account. Patients with type-2 diabetes have increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Coronary artery disease, especially myocardial infarction is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. 2 Hyperglycemia and atherosclerosis are related in type-2 diabetes. 3 Besides multiplying the risks of coronary artery diseases, diabetes enhances incidences of cerebrovascular ABSTRACT Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the common disorders which is seen in most of the diabetes patients, which causes cardio vascular disorders. Objective: To detect the lipid abnormality in diabetic patients. Methods: The study was carried out at Medicine Department, K.J. Mehta hospital, Amargadh, Bhavnagar during period from September 2014 to August 2015. The lipid profiles and the fasting blood sugar values of 100 type-1 diabetic patients, 100 type-2 diabetic patients and 50 healthy subjects were studied after taking informed consent. Their serum samples were assessed for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) by using standard biochemical methods. The data was collected by predesign, pretested proforma and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 (Trial version). Results: Maximum Number of patients (37% and 44%) were from age group of 20-29 years in type-1 DM & 50-59 years in type-2 DM respectively. 53% cases of type-1 DM and 70 % cases of type-2 DM had less than 140 mg/dl level of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS. 49 % patients of type-1 DM and 30% of type-2 showed more than 200 mg/dl level of Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS). Majority of type 2 DM patients (72%) showed high serum cholesterol level, while only 12% of the type1 DM patients showed high serum cholesterol level. 95% of type 1 DM patients showed normal (10-190 mg/dl) serum triglyceride level, while only 26% of type 2 DM subjects showed normal level. Serum LDL level was high (>160 mg/dl) in 78% of type 2 DM patients, while only 19% of type 1 DM patients showed higher value. All patients of type 2 had normal serum HDL level. Conclusions: The frequencies of the high cholesterol, high TG and high LDL levels were higher in the diabetic group, thus indicating that diabetic patients were more prone for dyslipidemia, which could cause cardiovascular disorders.

Bidis had the highest content of nicotine, followed by chewed tobacco (pan masalas) and cigarettes.

INTRODUCTIONTuberculosis is a worldwide, chronic communicable bacterial disease. It is a very strange disease because of its varied clinical presentation, host response, chemotherapeutic response, etiology and social implications. It continues to be one of the most important public health problems worldwide. It infects one third of the world's population at any point of time. There are approximately 9 million new cases of all forms of TB occurring annually and 3 million people dying from it each year. 95% of cases and 98% of the TB deaths are contributed by developing countries.1 India is the highest TB burden country accounting for one fifth of the global incidence and it is 17 th among 22 high TB burden countries in terms of TB incidence rate.1 Every year, ABSTRACTBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Children are especially vulnerable to the effects of tuberculosis, which is often difficult to diagnose and therefore difficult to treat effectively. The compliance for treatment can be increased if caregivers of paediatric TB patients are well aware about the disease, treatment and preventive measures. Methods: This cross sectional observational, descriptive epidemiological study was conducted at GMERS medical college and hospital Dharpur-Patan located in north Gujarat during January 2015 to June 2015. The study was conducted among all the 151 pediatric TB patients who were currently under treatment at selected hospital. Caregivers of the patients were informed about the purpose of the study and their informed written consent was taken. By interviewing them on the basis of pre-designed and pre tested preform, information regarding socio demographic profile, knowledge and awareness regarding TB was collected. The collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS 17 Trial version). Results: Only 68 (45.0 %) caregivers of patients had knowledge regarding mode of spread of TB infection to others. 89 (58.9%) caregivers of patients knew about curability of the disease. 104 (68.9%) caregivers of patients had knowledge regarding DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short course chemotherapy) centre for TB treatment under RNTCP (Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme). 32.3% caregivers of the patients knew that TB can be prevented by BCG vaccine. The literacy status had a significant influence on awareness about TB. Conclusions: Apart from pharmacological treatment poor knowledge of tuberculosis in caregivers of the paediatric TB patients also needs great attention for better control and prevention of TB in paediatric age group.

Dental health professionals should, therefore, be aware of the various extra-oral factors responsible for high caries experience of mentally challenged children. They should understand and provide basic treatment needs to such children.