Condensing lens is a lens used as an auxiliary lens in indirect instruments to examines the fundus. This lens is used with binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and slit-lamp biomicroscope to reach a stereopsis image of fundus. Optical principle of condensing lens is to make the eye in myopic condition, so it can producesa real, aerial, inverted and reversed image. This lens was placed between the instruments and the eye of the patient which located closer to patient’s eye. Optimalized position of the lens can produce a good fundus image. Condensing lens have so many power of dioptre that each power produces different magnification and field of view. High powered lenses produces wider field of view than low powered ones. High powered lens can also used in patient with small dilated pupil and shorter distance of examination. Low powered lenses offer more magnification. Fundus examination with binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and slit-lamp biomicroscope have purpose to produces stereopsis image because of the binocularity system. These two instruments have each advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of binocular indirect ophthalmoscope are a portable instrument, relatively can be used in uncooperative patient and it can be used with scleral indentation to reach more peripheral view of the fundus. Meanwhile slit-lamp biomicroscope has the advantages to offer more magnification and flexible illumination system. With higher powered lens use in biomicroscope, it also give advantages in shorter distance of examination and wider field of view.

The aim of this study is to investigate the involvement of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSP 27) Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) microglia in apoptosis RGCs and RGCs survival after transient periode of pressure induced ischemia/reperfussion injury of rat retina.The study design was randomized post test only control groups. Thirty one Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats were divided into 4 groups. 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. Experimental groups were induced by transient elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) 110-130 mmHg for 45 minutes (7 rats), 60 minutes (7 rats), 75 minutes (7 rats). 28 rats were terminated at day 7 and 3 rats were terminated at first day for histology and immunohistochemistry staining examination. Result from the Expression of SOD, HSP 70 GSRs and TNF-α microglia were significantly different. p=0,046 and B=0.380 for SOD; p=0.030 and B=0,411 for Hsp 70; p=0.007 and B=0,501 for TNF-α. Expression of catalase and HSP 27 GRCs were not significantly different. p=0.203 for catalase; p=0.083 for Hsp 27. The increased expression of HSP 70 indicated strong correlation with increased level of apoptosis RGCs, p=0.046 and B=0,473. In conclusion, the result demonstrated that RGCs apoptosis survival in glaucoma correlates strongly with transient elevated IOP and is significantly associated with IOP induced changes in expression HSP 70 RGCs.

BACKGROUND: Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) often occurs after cataract surgery. Metformin has been known to have an ability to inhibit fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of metformin on cell contractility, collagen deposition and degradation in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) of cataract patients.METHODS: HLEC were isolated from the anterior lens capsule of patients undergoing cataract surgery. The HLEC culture was carried out using explant culture technique. The in vitro PCO model was created by scratching technique on HLEC cultures. The treatment groups were given 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM metformin, respectively, while the control group were given 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). On the 7th day after scratching technique, the collagen deposition, collagen degradation and cell contractility were evaluated.RESULTS: Collagen deposition in HLEC was significantly reduced after given 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM and 1 mM metformin (17.92±6.16 mg/mL, 12.92±4.31 mg/mL, 11.25±5.30 mg/mL, respectively), compared to the control group (31.46±7.52 μg/mL, p=0.002). Collagen degradation significantly was increased in the 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM and 1 mM metformin groups (4.77±9.27 mg/mL, 6.59±1.16 mg/mL, 6.35±1.90 mg/mL, respectively) compared to the control group (2.21±2.78 μg/mL, p=0.002). While, collagen contractility in HLEC was significantly reduced in 0.1mM, 0.5mM and 1 mM metformin groups (16.39±3.89%, 13.89±2.59%, 11.93±2.44%, respectively), compared to the control group (44.25±4.95%, p=0.000).CONCLUSION: Metformin reduced collagen deposition and contractility, but increased collagen degradation in HLEC of cataract patients through mechanism of extracellular matrix remodeling.KEYWORDS: metformin, human lens epithelial cell, fibrosis

This study explored the novel strategy of hypoxic preconditioning of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) before intra vitreal transplantation to improve neuroprotective effects of Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) in Acute Glaucoma Models. The methods of this research were isolated mesenchymal stem cells from the bone marrow of adult wild-type Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. BM-MSCs were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic (1% oxygen for 24 hours) conditions. Normoxic or hypoxic BM-MSCs were transplanted intravitreally 1 week after ocular hypertension induction by acutely increasing IOP to 100-120 mmHg for 60 minutes. Rats were killed 4 weeks after transplanted. Apoptosis was examined by tunnel assay and expression Brn3b (Brn3b = RGCs marker) by immunohistochemical analysis of the retina. Results showed that transplantation of hypoxic preconditioning BM-MSCs in acute glaucoma models resulted in a significant apoptosis decreasing (p < 0.05) and an significant increasing in RGCs (p < 0.05), as well as enhanced mor-T. Ernawati et al. 246 phologic and functional benefits of stem cell therapy versus normoxic BM-MSCs transplantation. Conclusions: Hypoxic preconditioning enhances the capacity of BM-MSCs transplantation to improve neuroprotective effects of RGCs in Acute Glaucoma Models.

Background: Fungal keratitis is one of the most difficult forms of microbial keratitis to treat successfully. Aspergillus flavus is a type of filamentous fungus that often causes suppurative keratitis. Complications that often arise from fungal keratitis are corneal perforation and blindness due to scar tissue formation. Methods: Aspergillus flavus was injected into the corneas of 28 Sprague Dawley rats intrastromal and divided into 4 groups, with each group consisting of 7 rats, fungal injection into the cornea as a fungal injection without therapy, natamycin therapy, cryotherapy, and combination therapy. Therapy was given five days after the fungal injection into the cornea and the formation of keratitis and corneal central thinning. After four days of therapy, the eyes were enucleated to determine the effect of cryotherapy on MMP-8 and TIMP-1 expression in the cornea with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining examination. The differences in MMP-8 and TIMP-1 expressions between groups were analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test and Mann-Whitney post hoc test with a significant p <0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 for Windows. Results: The highest MMP-8 expression was found in the natamycin therapy group (3), and the lowest was in the negative control group and cryotherapy (1). There were no significant differences in MMP-8 expression in the 4 groups (p=0.482). The highest TIMP-1 expression was found in the negative control group (8) and the lowest was in the cryotherapy group (2). There were significant differences in TIMP-1 expression in the 4 groups (p=0.002). Conclusion: It was found that the expression of TIMP-1 and MMP-8, although the last one was not significant, were lower in the cryotherapy group than in the non-cryotherapy group.