Exciting advancements have been made in the field of flexible electronic devices in the last two decades and will certainly lead to a revolution in peoples' lives in the future. However, because of the poor sustainability of the active materials in complex stress environments, new requirements have been adopted for the construction of flexible devices. Thus, hierarchical architectures in natural materials, which have developed various environment-adapted structures and materials through natural selection, can serve as guides to solve the limitations of materials and engineering techniques. This review covers the smart designs of structural materials inspired by natural materials and their utility in the construction of flexible devices. First, we summarize structural materials that accommodate mechanical deformations, which is the fundamental requirement for flexible devices to work properly in complex environments. Second, we discuss the functionalities of flexible devices induced by nature-inspired structural materials, including mechanical sensing, energy harvesting, physically interacting, and so on. Finally, we provide a perspective on newly developed structural materials and their potential applications in future flexible devices, as well as frontier strategies for biomimetic functions. These analyses and summaries are valuable for a systematic understanding of structural materials in electronic devices and will serve as inspirations for smart designs in flexible electronics.

We prove shock formation results for the compressible Euler equations and related systems of conservation laws in one space dimension, or three dimensions with spherical symmetry. We establish an L ∞ bound for C 1 solutions of the one-D Euler equations, and use this to improve recent shock formation results of the authors. We prove analogous shock formation results for one-D MHD with orthogonal magnetic field, and for compressible flow in a variable area duct, which has as a special case spherically symmetric three dimensional flow on the exterior of a ball.2010 Mathematical Subject Classification: 76N15, 35L65, 35L67.in the absence of regularizing dissipative effects such as viscosity and heat loss, is the blowup of gradients and subsequent formation of shock waves.

Surface charge accumulation on the spacers is one of the key issues restraining the development of HVDC GIS/GIL. The precise measurement of surface charge properties provides the basis for further study of the surface charge transport mechanism as well as the charge-induced flashover mechanism under DC voltage. In this study, the authors discuss their perspective on the current status, development needs and potential developing orientation of surface charge characterisation techniques. Different surface potential measurement methods and charge inversion algorithms are reviewed regarding the previous studies and future research needs. Drawbacks and outlooks of surface charge measurement techniques are also discussed with the background of laboratory experiment results and on-site measurements. It is hopefully that this study can serve as a useful guide reference for researchers within the same research field. More importantly, it is authors' hope that this study can inspire some novel ideas for readers into developing of more accurate and scientific interface charge characterisation techniques.

Charging of insulators modifies local electric field distribution and increases potential threat to the safety of the gas insulated equipment. In this paper, surface charge tailoring techniques are classified and reviewed by introducing a Dam-flood model. Technical solutions of different charge tailoring methods are compared and discussed. The outlook of potential solutions to suppress charge accumulation is recommended and discussed based on industrial consideration.This paper serves as a guide handbook for engineers and researchers into the study of charge tailoring methods.Meanwhile, we hope that the content of this paper could shed some lights upon charge-free insulators to promote the industrial application of HVDC GIL/GIS.

The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) from quartz relates to not only the trapped electrons associated with the OSL signals, but also the luminescence centres involved. In this paper we report pulse annealing and isothermal annealing experiments on a 17 ka old sedimentary quartz to study thermal stability of electrons in OSL traps and the trapped holes associated with the non-luminescence centres (R centres). The lifetimes obtained are in the order of magnitude of 109 and 104 years at 20 °C, for electrons in the stable OSL traps and the holes associated with sensitivity change, respectively. The results indicate that the OSL sensitivity change is dominated by the transferring of holes from one type of R centre to luminescence centres (L centres), and is different from the 110 °C TL peak, which appears to involve more than one type of R hole centre.