The quality control of UV drinking water disinfection has made an enormous progress in the last decade. The better understanding of the process and the higher quality assurance of the UV disinfection plants has increased the acceptance of UV drinking water disinfection. Three UV water disinfection standards were internationally developed by the USEPA, the German Association for Gas and Water and the Austrian Standards Institute. The quality assurance of safe UV water disinfection is based on 3 main prerequisites: the knowledge of the UV resistance of health related microorganisms transmittable by water, to set a sufficient high UV fluence, the careful evaluation of commercial UV plants and the control of the UV irradiation process during practical application by means of defined alarm points and a calibrated UV sensor, which allows checks against official specifications. Here we describe the basic principles of the validation of UV drinking water systems and point out the specific differences between the three international UV disinfection standards with regard to validation.
Müllverbrennungsschlacke wurde in mehrmonatigen Laborlysimeterversuchen unter Zeitrafferbedingungen ausgelaugt. Vor und nach den Lysimeterversuchen erfolgten chemische und petrographische Untersuchungen sowie Elutions‐ und Sapromattests. Bei Eintritt oxischer und saurer Lösungen werden primäre Schwermetall‐haltige Phasen (vor allem Metalle/Legierungen) der alkalischen Schlacke schnell korrodiert. Bei pH‐Abnahme verhindert nur die Einbindung in Sekundärphasen (Hydroxide, Carbonate etc.) einen erhöhten Schwermetallaustrag bis pH = 7. Die Reduzierung des Hauptsäurepuffers (Carbonate) erfolgt durch Säureeintrag in Kombination mit dem Auswaschen der Pufferphasen. Interne Säurebildungsprozesse wie mikrobieller Abbau der Restorganik oder Sulfidoxidation spielen dabei keine entscheidende Rolle. Der erste massive Schwermetallaustrag erfolgt bei pH‐Werten im Sickerwasser zwischen 7 und 6. Der Zeitrahmen bis zur ersten Schwermetallfreisetzung, der von den Umweltbedingungen (Wasserhaushalt, Säuregrad des Regens) und dem Deponiedesign (Mächtigkeit, Grad der Verdichtung, Durchlässigkeit, Art der Abdeckung) beeinflusst wird, ist mit Zeiträumen von Jahrhunderten bis Jahrzehntausenden anzusetzen. Langzeitabschätzungen zur Schwermetallfreisetzung aus Kurzzeittest‐Ergebnissen sollten bei Materialien mit einem Säurepuffer nur anhand von zerkleinertem Material erfolgen.
The high level of acceptance of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for water disinfection in the past decade is due to the development of quality standards, especially for drinking water disinfection in Europe (Austrian Standards Institute, German Standards Institute). The central parts of a UV-disinfection device are the UV lamps. Despite their importance, their characterisation and quality assurance is far from being a matter of course and had not been regulated so far. This holds especially with regard to their temperature behaviour. The UV radiation (UVR) emittance of Mercury-Low-Pressure- and Amalgam-Low-Pressure-lamps (LP-lamps) depends on temperature. Each lamp type has its own optimal temperature where UVR emittance is highest. At lower or higher temperatures, UVR emittance is reduced. Additionally LP-lamps do not emit homogeneous along their length and this emission profile can change with temperature. In this paper, we present a standardized method to measure the UVR emittance of LP-lamps along the length in water in dependence of water temperature. This method has been included in the updated Austrian standard ÖNORM M 5873-1 (2020) and in the new release DIN 19294-1 (2020). With this method, the UVR emittance of LP-lamps can be characterized and different types of lamps can be compared.
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