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Résumé Le droit de la participation du public est étudié ici essentiellement dans les domaines du droit de l’environnement et de l’urbanisme, où la démocratie participative a entraîné l’adoption de plusieurs procédures. L’analyse prend en compte les apports du droit international, du droit de l’Union européenne et du droit français, en mettant en relief la dynamique des différentes sources juridiques et l’opposition des systèmes de civil law et common law . Deux moments sont distingués, celui de la participation du public au stade de l’élaboration de la décision, et celui de la participation du public en vue de l’effectivité du droit existant. Une distinction est faite entre procédures entraînant un effet juridique sur le processus décisionnel et procédures sans effet juridique, une autre isole les procédures permettant une controverse sur l’opportunité d’un projet et celles qui concernent davantage sa faisabilité.

Ecological disasters are, at their foremost, human disasters which also affect the environment. Sudden and immediate impacts as well as those more gradual or long term affect both humans and the environment, tragically confirming that humanity and the environment are "inseparable," as stated in the Rio Declaration, or "indissociable" as stated in the preamble to the March 1, 2005 french Charter of the Environment. If the effects of disasters on the environment are issues of environmental law, the effects on humans belong to human rights law, with the particularity that they concern both classic human rights and the new human rights to the environment recognized both at international level and in many national constitutions and laws. An ecological disaster brings the irreversibility of death, as well as physical injury and destruction of property. Victims usually must flee whether they wish to or not. After a factory explosion, flooding or a tsunami, the only choice is evacuation and therefore the forced departure from one's home. It is impossible to remain alongside the AZF factory in Toulouse nor in New Orleans after Katrina's passing, nor in Port-au-Prince after the Haitian earthquake of January 12, 2010. Departure is inevitable. The result is a new type of widespread population displacement, not caused by war, as in Poland and Germany in 1945, nor by civil war, as in the Congo, but by the violent effects of a disaster, whether natural (including climate change) or accidental, as with Bhopal or Chernobyl. The flight of environmental displaced persons is a manifestation of their fundamental right to life, expressed as the right to survive by fleeing.

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