La siembra de chile habanero (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) en México se encuentra concentrada en alrededor de 80% en la península de Yucatán. Aproximadamente 50% del área dedicada a esta hortaliza se siembra con materiales criollos, el resto con variedades de polinización libre y un área mínima con híbridos de reciente formación, desarrollados por empresas transnacionales, lo que propicia fuga de divisas que afecta la economía del país. Por lo antes mencionado, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener una variedad de chile habanero con alto rendimiento y calidad de fruto para las regiones productoras de México, como resultado, el INIFAP desarrolló la variedad de chile habanero Jaguar en el año 2009, la cual inicia su floración y cosecha de 70-85 y 115-120 días después de la siembra, respectivamente. Produce frutos uniformes, de color verde esmeralda que se tornan anaranjado brillante en madurez total, muy atractivos para mercado en ambos estados de madurez. Esta variedad alcanza rendimientos de alrededor de 15 t ha-1 en condiciones de buen temporal y de 30 t ha-1 a cielo abierto con tecnología de media a alta. Mientras que en condiciones de agricultura protegida es de hasta 43 t ha-1.
Energy production from sorghum bioethanol is a way to help decrease climate change and environmental degradation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics associated to bioethanol production in experimental genotypes of sweet sorghum. During 2013 and 2014, seventeen sweet genotypes were evaluated in two locations, this locations are situated in northeastern Mexico, under a complete block randomly design with three replications. The three experiments were executed in Estacion Cuauhtemoc, Tamaulipas, in dryland; and two in Marin, Nuevo León, under irrigation. Experimental hybrid Potranca x Keller (p≤0.05) presented the highest values (kg/ha) in: biomass weight (52 125), stem (39 650), panicle (4550), leaf (7700), juice (14 125), and bioethanol (2157 l/ha); it surpassed to the most productive control (Keller) in: 35,7, 32,5, 63,2, 41,6, 32,5, and 36,8%, respectively. It bloomed 6.8 days earlier than variety control. Experimental variety 17-1-1-1 had a minor foliar incidence of diseases in comparison to Keller. In addition, it presented agronomic characteristics similar to control in: biomass weight (44 375 kg/ha), stem (35 438 kg/ha), panicle (2488 kg/ha), leaf (6400 kg/ha), juice (11 750 kg/ha), plant dry weight (19 113 kg/ha), stem dry weight (14 888 kg/ha), bioethanol production (1929 l/ha), °Brix (15,2), days to flowering (80,8) and plant height (224 cm).
Sorghum in Mexico ranks third in grain production. This study aimed to estimate general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for commercial and experimental sorghum grain parents and hybrids. The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method described by Kempthorne. The experiment was established during the spring-summer 2018 cycle at INIFAP, Las Huastecas, México. It consisted of five lines, eight testers and 40 hybrids; in a randomized block design with three replications. The ANOVA showed highly significant differences for lines, testers, and line x testers, suggesting the existence of a broad base of genetic variability. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis. For grain yield, the experimental lines: RB214A, RB225A and RB248A, and the testers RB133 and RB221, resulted significantly higher in GCA and superior to commercial RB225A line and RTx430 and RTx437 testers. Seventeen experimental hybrids were found to have significantly higher in SCA and were superior to INIFAP commercial hybrids. Highlights The combining ability was estimated using the line x tester method in grain sorghum; General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) were important for grain yield, grain specific weight and plant height. GCA and SCA differences were statistically significant for grain yield, specific grain weight and plant height, in grain sorghum, indicating additive gene relevance, dominance and epistasis.
En México, el sorgo se cultiva en 1.95 millones de hectáreas, sobresaliendo el estado de Tamaulipas con 48.1% donde se obtiene una producción de 2.5 millones de toneladas, que equivalen a 42% del total nacional (SIAP, 2013). Sin embargo, esta producción se considera baja debido a la presencia de sequía causada por baja precipitación (400 a 600 mm anuales) en las 614 mil hectáreas sembradas bajo condiciones de temporal. Se estima que durante el ciclo de otoño-invierno, la producción registra constantemente mermas, llegando a obtener rendimientos de grano de 1.34 t ha-1 (SIAP, 2013). Aunado a esta problemática, se tiene la presencia de enfermedades, dentro de las cuales se encuentran la pudrición carbonosa del tallo causada por Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, el carbón de la panoja causado por Sporisorium reilianum (Khun) Langdon & Fullerton y el ergot causado por Claviceps africana Frederikson, Mantle & de Milliano. La primera es la más importante, ocasionando pérdidas de hasta 100% de la producción total cuando durante el periodo de llenado del grano se presentan sequía y altas temperaturas (Edmunds, 1964; Williams et al., 1994; Montes y Díaz, 2006).
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